Socialization And Kids With Autism Essay - 1763 Words

Socialization and Kids with Autism Introduction I am very passionate about working with kids with autism. They have such amazing personalities and I feel like people don’t see past the disability to the unique person they are. For several years I worked at a residential facility for kids on the spectrum. I was a direct care staff that worked one on one with them to work on their goals their treatment plan was focusing on. My passion to help kids with autism comes from my previous experience working with these kids and watching them grow and learn new skills. This transformation that I watched happen and helped be a part of with these kids made me want to help more kids with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). There are a lot of skills that need to be taught to these children. Socialization, communication, and positive behavior are just a few kids with autism need help improving. I believe that the earlier that you teach a child these skills the more successful they will be. Early intervention has had a positive outcome wi thin many research experiments that professionals have done. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (2004) also requires schools to teach kids with disabilities alongside typically developed kids as much as possible. Socialization is an important skill that should be taught to a child early in their life. Communication is also another skill that is important for a child to learn early on to help with their socialization. IShow MoreRelatedStudies and Techniques for Teaching Children with Autism1296 Words   |  5 Pagesdiseases and disorders that plague today’s world, but one of the most serious of those disorders is autism. In fact, autism is the third most common developmental disability affecting four hundred thousand people worldwide (Autism Society of America). As of yet there is no treatment for autism, only a variety of dealing with this disorder. Autism is a process disorder of brain function. People with autism have trouble in communication , social interactions and play activities. This disorder makes it difficultRead MoreAutism Is A Disorder Of Neural Advancement1622 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Autism? Autism is a disorder of neural advancement, impeded by social association and correspondence, and by dull and limited activity in conduct (Carlson, 2007, p. 594). These are signs that seem to start before an adolescent is four years of age. A mental imbalance influences, creating data in the mind by controlling how neural connections and nerve cells join together and are organized systematically, how this happens is not surely understood, but its 1 of 3 recognized issue in the a mentalRead MoreAutism Is Not Just One Disorder And It Affects The Normal Development Of A Child s Brain1498 Words   |  6 Pagesthe United States will result in a child with autism. According to the Autism Society of America, it is reported as the fastest-growing disability, reaching epidemic proportions at a rate of 10-17 percent per year. Most parents recognize the signs and symptoms of autism anytime between birth and the first three years of their child’s life. Autism is classified as a neurological disorder and it affects the normal development of a child’s brain. Autism is not just one disorder, but a group of relatedRead MoreEssay On The Movie Rain Man1315 Words   |  6 Pagesfunctioning autism. How great certain skills are that make him appear as if he has supermen abilities, while also showing the need for adult supervision for other events that unfold in the movie. While sourcing several references what autism is, its characteristics and how to treat it at an early age to get the best functional outcome as an adult. Along with some of dangers that’s face people with autism from the world around them and my own personal reflections on interacting with people with autism. Read MoreThe Jane Justin School Of Autism969 Words   |  4 PagesOrganization’s name and location: The organization I chose is the Jane Justin: School of Autism. It is located on 1300 W Lancaster Ave, Fort Worth, TX 76102. Mission or purpose statement: The Jane Justin School of Autism provides the right life skills and knowledge that children need to live a meaningful and productive life. How the school makes this mission possible is by responding to the needs of the students and families while respecting and embracing the individuality of the child while maintainingRead MoreAutism And Peer Mediated Interventions1743 Words   |  7 PagesAutism and Peer-Mediated Interventions Often children with autistic spectrum disorder are omitted from mainstream classrooms or have limited interactions with their typical learning school mates possibly due to the extra time and energy it takes teachers to manage the anti-social behaviors often associated with the disorder. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is often identified by the impairment of the ability to form normal social relationships, by the impairment of the capability to communicate withRead MoreAutism, Multiple Personality Disorder and Socializing Essay1953 Words   |  8 PagesAutism, Multiple Personality Disorder and Socializing â€Å"Where could anybody be without organizing their own thoughts†(Slater 1)? Imagine living in a world where one could not communicate with anyone around them on a truly rational level, even though the individual is completely rational. Imagine feeling so frightened by life, that one escapes to an Alternate reality, where they become catatonic, or even take on forms of different personalities to deal with everyday situations. Try not beingRead MoreAsperger s Disorder And The Incidence Of Cases Within The Different Social Fields1728 Words   |  7 Pagesrestricted areas. This disorder was officially recognized for the first time in the diagnostic Statistical Manual of mental disorders, until the publication of the Fourth Edition in 1994, (DSM-IV). Asperger s disorder is generally considered a form of autism, and is nowadays described as a disorder within the pervasive developmental disorders, judging as the more moderate part and with highest level of functioning of autis tic spectrum disorders. ASPERGER SYNDROME It is a disorder ofRead MoreA Hypothetical Interview With Parents of a Child With Special Needs2429 Words   |  10 Pagesget everyone in the same room! As an infant, we sensed our son was different, but were not doctors, so we made sure that we took him in regularly. It was around when he was about fourteen months when the doctors wanted to test for disorders on the Autism spectrum. Jason demonstrated a memory far more advanced for a child his age and he always arranged his toys in specific patterns. He didnt make much eye contact with people, especially people new to him, and we became concerned when he wasnt showingRead MoreMy Senior Year Field Placement1405 Words   |  6 Pagesand community resources. The goal of the Therapeutic Socialization Program is to facilitate socialization and communication skills and to decrease problematic behaviors through participation in fun and engaging in activities. This program is based on the principles of Applied Behavior Analysis and other proven approaches to develop individually tailored treatment protocols to help children, adolescents and young adults in the areas of socialization, self-regulation and communication. The TASP also focuses

Temple Of The Olympian Zeus And Flavian Amphitheater

Emily Nick Art 2080: Exam 2 Dr. Nancy Palm September 21, 2017 Cossutius, Temple of the Olympian Zeus and Flavian Amphitheater Architecture is the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and physical structures. Architectural work is often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Ancient Greek architecture is distinguished by its highly formalized characteristics, both of structure and decoration. Ancient Roman architecture adopted the external language of classical Greek architecture for the purposes of the ancient Romans, but differed from Greek buildings, becoming a new architectural style. The Corinthian Temple of Olympian Zeus, located in the lower city of Athens was designed by the†¦show more content†¦This Aphrodite was one of the first statues by a well-known Greek sculptor to depict a fully nude woman. This set a new standard for nudity in art among women. Although nudity for athletic young men was deemed admirably in Greek society, this was not the same reaction when images of nude women were depicted. The acceptance of nudity in statues of can be connected to the merging of Greek concepts of goddesses. In this statue, the goddess is preparing to take a bath with a water jug and her clothing discarded at her side. Her hand is caught in a gesture of what seems to be modest, but only really calls attention to her nudity. Augustus of Primaporta because it was discovered in Livia’s villa at Primaporta near Rome. This emperor had this statue to show how he wanted to be seen and remembered. This work is known demonstrates that creativity in combination with earlier sculptural traditions that is a hallmark of Augustan art. The statue is larger-than-life and made of marble. The statue’s pose is a combination of contrapposto and canonical proportions developed by Greek classical sculptors. This statue captures Augustus’s in the physical prime of youth. The sculptor added mythological and historical imagery that exalts Augustus’s family and c elebrates his accomplishments. Even though these statues are similar is representing a person, they are almost complete opposites. Aphrodite ofShow MoreRelated Roman Architecture Essay2647 Words   |  11 PagesRome were on Tiber Island, later the sire of a temple to Aesculapius god of healing. Little is known of early Roman history because its first historical literature was recorded in 200 BC (Cornell and Matthews 14). The earliest structures that were inhabited by the ancient Romans were crude huts. At the end of the seventh century BC these huts were demolished. This made way for a decidedly more urban aspect of construction with permanent stone temples, houses, and various other public buildings

Explaining The Global Carbon Budget Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Explaining The Global Carbon Budget. Answer: Technology has made us Gods, even before we deserve to call ourselves human beings. The above quoted lines of Woody Allen clearly indicate the way technology has affected the lives of the human beings. It is true that technology has greatly improved the quality of our lives but at the same time it has contributed much to the problems which the world is facing at the present moment. One of the major problems which the world is facing at the moment because of the technological advancement is the problem of carbon dioxide emission and its impact on the climate of the world (Douglass 2018). According to Elizabeth Douglass, Once the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere tops 3.2 trillion metric tons, chances dim to avoid climate disaster, according to new calculations (Douglass 2018). Carbon budget can be defined as the maximum amount of greenhouses gases that can be released into the atmosphere without causing a significant amount of damage to the world climate (Le Qur et al. 2016). However, over the years this carbon budget of the world is fast depleting and if any drastic measures are not taken then the budget is likely to get exhausted with the next few decades. According to Elizabeth Douglass, the total carbon budget spent since the 1870s till present is around 2 trillion metric tons (Douglass 2018). The remaining amount of carbon budget left is only 1.2 trillion metric tons (Douglass 2018). Therefore, with the view to reduce the amount of fast rate of the depletion of the carbon budget of the world, the major powers of the world like USA. UK and others along with organizations like United Nations have signed significant treaties in a bid to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide emission and its subsequent damage on the environment and climate (Douglass 2018). China has given hope in this particular sphere with its bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (Douglass 2018). Therefore, from the above discussion it becomes clear that the major problem which the world is facing at the moment is the fast depletion of the carbon budget. The depletion of this particular budget will not only raise the global temperature significantly but will also cause other related problems. Therefore, drastic steps need to be taken in order to counter this problem. References Douglass, E. 2018.Climate Primer: Explaining the Global Carbon Budget and Why it matters. Inside Climate News, pp.1-6. Le Qur, C., Andrew, R.M., Canadell, J.G., Sitch, S., Korsbakken, J.I., Peters, G.P., Manning, A.C., Boden, T.A., Tans, P.P., Houghton, R.A. and Keeling, R.F., 2016. Global carbon budget 2016.Earth System Science Data,8(2), pp.605-649.

Management of Mental Illnesses Is Significant To Clinical Practice

Question: How Management Of Mental Illnesses to Clinical Practice ? Answer: Introduction The theories of nursing are structured pieces of ideas that present a systematic method of a situation in nursing (Alligood, 2013). The various actions in the profession of nursing is based on set of theories. Theory offers an individual with perspective to view a particular situation and act on it purposefully and systematically. Nurses use theory to gain a perspective to view a client situation, organise relevant data of clients encountered on a day-to-day care, and to analyse and interpret the information (King, 1981). Theories include general proposition as a principle of explanation that ensures clarity in action and patient outcomes. In nursing practice, Mid-range nursing theories, are commonly used. These theories are more concrete in nature and presents concepts at a specific level and lower level of abstraction. These theories hold great promise in nursing profession in promoting theory based research. These theories improve nursing practice strategies (Riegel et al., 2012). These theories explain specific patient care phenomena such as pain management, and explain the concepts related to the phenomena. The applicability of the theory depends on the clarity of concepts, simplicity, and generalisability such that it can easily fit into practice (Townsend, 2014). Management of mental illnesses is significant to clinical practice. According to Rogers and Pilgrim, (2014) mental illness can be defined as any condition or disease that influences an individuals ability to think, behave, feel, relate to others and surrounding. Serious mental illnesses can lead to severe distress and disability which detoriates the quality of life. The syndromes, which are considered as serious mental illnesses, includes eating disorder, schizophrenia spectrum, personality and anxiety disorders (O'Donnell et al., 2011). There are range of factors causing mental illness including genetic, environmental stressors, biology and psychological trauma. Mental illness is the matter of grave concern due to its rapidly increasing rate worldwide. One-third worlds population is comprised of childrens and adolescents. It was reported by Kieling, (2011, p.1515) that neuropsychiatric disorders are the leading cause of health related burden. Mental illness accounts for disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) lost in 15-30% of the cases the first thirty years of life. The report by Kieling, (2011, pp.1518) mentioned that universal interventions both selective and indicated are directed at all children particularly focusing on those who are at high risk for developing mental disorders either due to the proximal risk factors or other clinical symptoms. However, the challenges of these interventions are the characterisation of the patients at whom the interventions will be targeted. Kieling, (2011) suggested that the children and adolescents can be benefitted both concurrently as well as in the long run by early interventions for their mental il lness. According to Doornbos, (2002, p.2) Doorknobs Family Health Theory, families can provide substantial amount of care for their young adults with persistent mental illness more than a mental health care professionals. It was mentioned by Sieloff Frey (2007) that family members undergo severe stress dealing with their young adults having mental illness, which in effects their own mental health. Therefore, Family Health Theory suggests identification of the factors predicting family health. This action will assist in developing interventions for promoting the family health and support them in critical work of caregiving. Corrigan et al. (2014) explained that the effect of family-perceived stigma on care seeking may be mediated by family burden, and includes both subjective (mental distress due to illness ) and objective (daily constraints life) components. There is a lack of adequate government mental health policies for children worldwide. Therefore, it hampers guiding the system implem entation, service development and undermines efforts to ensure the accountability of the allocated resources for programme development. Therefore on World Fit For Children the UN resolution endorses the commitment that every child has the right to develop to its maximum potential in order to gain sound physical, emotional and mental health (Kieling, 2011). This report particularly deals with Doorknobs Family Health Theory (FHT) (2000). The theory is critically analyzed using the guidelines of Chinn and Krammers (2015). The critical analysis of the theory is provided in terms of clarity of concept, accessibility and strength and weakness of the theory for improving nursing performance. The analysis will reveal possible interventions for adults with persistent mental illness and ways to enhance family caregiving. Purpose of the theory Dr. Mary Molewyk Doorknobs proposed the Family Health Theory (FHT) in the families of adults with persistent mental illness.The propositions of the theory highlight the importance of the role played by the family in caregiving and its impact on the health of the family system. This middle range theory developed from the Kings systems framework of family health in these families (Mary, 2000). As a family struggles to manage the mental illness of their young adults, they undergo a change in their own health system. This theory predicted some of the factors directly related to the familys health. It includes familys perception of the clients symptomatology, coping, professional communication, stressors, and time since diagnosis of the mental illness. Thus, the goal of the theory is to develop nursing interventions to assist family in their role of care giving (Doornbos, 2002). Relationships This section deals with different concepts and relationships that are to be taken into consideration, as nurses tend to develop effective interventions to reach one goal that is management of mental illness and assistance to the family. It includes three dynamic interacting systems mentioned by King, (1995) - personal, interpersonal and social. The theory of family health emphasise on the role of family in understanding the clients illness. It explains the relationship between the family functioning and the client symptoms. It is crucial in nursing practice to consider the family perception and verify together with the perception of the nurses to specific goals. This is an essential step as it pertains to the familys perception of the client symptomatology (King, 1981). For instance, in a case of schizophrenia one family is burdened with the members distortion of the normal function whereas some other family is burdened with the loss of function symptom in the member. Therefore, King, (1983) stated that the family burden is increased to a greater level with the perceived degree and the frequency of the symptomatology. The variable of time in families of adults with persistent mental illness, plays an important role in understanding the responses of the family to the illness over time (King, 1990). The time variable helps in assisting the family member by understanding their cumulative experience since the time of diagnosis of illness. FHT emphasise the nurses to help the family members to cope up with the event of the mental health problem by categorising their various coping methods into positive or negative. Implementing FHT in nursing practice requires nurses to be effective in identifying and addressing family and client stressors by effective intervention. Stressors are common in family burdened with the mental illness of their member which include employment, marital, intrafamily, financial, grief, loss, legal, and mental health (Lazarus Folkman, 1984). The vital concept in the nursing practice is professional communication. It is essential to meet the greatest need of the families of person with persistent mental illness which is communication between themselves and health care professionals. Nurses can decrease the family burden by attending and actively listening their concerns, supporting them in their efforts to cope up with the members mental disorder (Alligood, 2010). Educational interventions and providing critical information increases family functioning and client outcome, which is the major goal for nursing practice (Webb et al., 2016). As the family members undergoes tremendous stress dealing with the mental illness. Therefore, the goal of the nurses is to help and restore families health according to Kings theory (1990) and enhance their adaptive capabilities and strengths. Assumptions of the theory According to Doornbos, (2002) the theory is based on the following assumptions- There is a positive association between the family stressors and the familys perception of the clients symptomatology There is negative relation of the time since diagnosis of the mental illness with the family stressors The familys capacity to cope up with the young adults mental illness is positively associated with the family health The family health and the level of the family stressors is negatively associated The family health and the amount of professional communication is positively associated Changes occurring over time FHT was developed from the Kings conceptual system using a deductive approach. In 1981, Kings framework was developed based on the concept of three interacting system which are- personal, interpersonal and social system. FHT has selected six of these concepts, which are perceptions, coping, time, stressors, communication and health. Each of these was then applied to address the families of young adults suffering from persistent mental illness. The theory was empirically tested twice and underwent several changes. First concept was changed from familys perception of client level of health to familys perception of clients symptomatology keeping the concept of perception consistent from the Kings theory. There was a change in the theoretical definition of the term family health maintaining consistency with the Kings conceptualisation. It presently emphasises more on the familys satisfaction rather than their ability with their functioning. After the first empirical testing, the concept of professional communication was added to FHT realising this essential and informational component of the human interactions. Clarity of theory Doorknobs Family Health Theory (2000) utilizes comprehensive terminologies, and the ideas applicable to understand the focal theme was quite rational. She made use of the primary variables constituting a range of factors to assess the outcomes of health in family members of the adults suffering from persistent mental health illness. Each of the five variables comprising of the family perception of clients symptomatology, family coping, professional communication, family stressors and time since diagnosis of mental illness has been discussed in elaboration. All the three potential vulnerable population including the client, the family and the professional intervention has been well addressed. The understanding of the sociology of mental health and illness in connection with the immediate responses from the family members is imperative to foster quality healthcare service to the patient and necessary support to the family as well. Prevention of mental disorder and promotion of mental h ealth has been unanimously accepted as the best remedy to cure the ensuing illness (Rogers pilgrim, 2014). The theme of perceptions and beliefs associated with the persons with mental health disorder has been identified as essential to ensure better recovery (Lvvik eta l., 2014). The variability to ones reaction to a particular condition, different adaptive mechanisms and professional intervention are further highlighted as important determinants of mental health outcomes (Furnham Kirkcaldy, 2015). The theory further corroborated with the ideas of predicting the health status of the family members relating to the stressors in the concerned members that is very much realistic. Overall, all the propositions are discussed in an impeccable and easy manner that aids to the understanding of the key issues and thereby has implications for translation into research. Simplicity of theory Management of mental illness is a vast and complicated subject. Therefore, theories related to this subject are also complicated for a reader. FHT is a complex theory with six components that is familys perception of client symptomatology, coping, stressors, time since diagnosis of the mental illness, professional communication and family health. The difficulty lies in execution of the guidelines of the theory. There is a lack of clear establishment of the linkage between the family health and family care giving efforts. Therefore, it is difficult for the nurses to develop interventions without understanding the mutual relationship between these concepts (Chinn Kramer, 2015). Some of the concepts are well understood such as the need of professional communication between the nurses and the family and its significance in achieving health related goals. In addition, there is also a direct relationship between the familys perception of the clients health and stressors and consequently t he experience of family health. Overall, it is a complex theory involving six concepts which may prevent development of supporting interventions to sustain familys health. A theory with two to three concepts would have been ensured simplicity and uts applicability in nursing practice and research. Generalisability of theory Family health theory is generalisable to apply to families with different mentally ill members. The theory signifies the role of family in caregiving their members with persistent mental illness. This theory . However, this theory is not generalisable to other settings such as rehabilitation and primary care where the goal is to encourage mentally ill patients to self-care and be independent. This theory cannot be generalised for various populations who might experience mental illness such as older adults. Moreover, the linkage between the family health and family care giving efforts is not well understood. In addition, there is lack of more representative sample in terms of familys socioeconomic status, gender of the household respondents, and cultural diversity which is also limiting factor in the generality of the theory. The proponent of the theory recommends further investigations for future practice. Mental health nurses can apply this theory in research and practice to see it effects on families who can provide better care to their loved ones with mental illness based on this theory. Additional research can be carried out to develop instrumental and supporting interventions for families to deal with mentally ill. Thus, this theory influences the caregiving abilities of the families by addressing their basic needs (Doornbos, 2002). Accessibility of theory The reach of the family health theory is very far as it effectively addresses the empiric indicators of health outcomes of the adult family members with persistent mental illness patient. The health outcome predictors as suggested in the theory are both quite easily detectable and accessible. In the theory three pivotal dynamic and interacting systems comprising of personal, interpersonal and social. The battle of the family with persistent mental illness has been the topic of research for many in the past few decades. Green et al. (2014) have suggested guidelines for the future patient centered treatment and empirical research in connection with the patient with serious mental illness within a learning mental health care system that might be liked with this theory. Further research has indicated that the response of the family to critical illness might affect the carergiving actions rendered by them to the ill person (Davidson, Jones Bienvenu 2012). Thus the manner in which these f amily members are incorporated into decision making and care regime through adequate support and professional communication of the healthcare workers will cause a great impact upon the health outcomes as well. Thus verification of the information regarding the beliefs and notions of the concerned family members starting from the time since diagnosis of mental illness is necessary to forecast the health outcomes. The healthcare practitioners has immense scope of applying the assumptions as discussed in the theory to harbor better clinical outcomes and foster holistic mode of care to the desired population without encountering any significant issues whatsoever. With the rising global burden for mental disorders consideration of all the aspects of the family health theory shows promise in rendering quality delivery of care. The prioritization of the physical health problem over mental health issue has added to the agony of the family and hence increasing the stress component in them. H owever, case appropriate and prudent intervention mostly through education and awareness from the healthcare workers and nursing professionals ends might alter the situation. The improvement in the caregivers health can be directly correlated with the alleviation of the probable stress factors. Thus prevention programs as designed by the healthcare personnel might relive the economic burden of mental illness for the family as well and creating a positive impact on them (Ditton, 2013). The propositions of the theory are thus relatable to the nurses and other healthcare workers engaged in mental health care setting. The explanation of the ideas and concepts is very much consistent and may be suitable for predicting and providing beneficial health outcomes in the family with persistent mental health illness patient. Importance of theory The family health theory in the context of families of adults with persistent mental health illness has got great implication in terms of estimating the health outcomes and recommending necessary measures to mitigate the perpetual and nagging issues due to mental health illness. There lie immense opportunities for the nursing professional to undertake both verbal and non-verbal mode of communication as mentioned in the theory to effectively interact and extract optimum benefit out of such communication and alleviate the stress levels in the vulnerable family members who are endowed with the negative thoughts and perceptions. The health related goals can be further effectively addressed by means of following the useful propositions of the theory. Taking clues from the theory derived ideas similar studies pertinent to the recent times may be referred to where adequate emphasis has been laid upon strengthening the family resilience in order to achieve the expected clinical outcome. Faci litation of the family resilience by virtue of passage through crisis, transition and persistent challenges has been the focus of such research in an effort to combat the highly demanding situations due to mental health illness (Walsh, 2015). Hence the nursing schools and institutes must arrange for relevant learning modules and teaching strategies that will empower the nursing students to effectively apply the ideas retrieved from the family health theory into clinical practice. The knowledge regarding appropriate professional intervention through either interactive approach or other psychotherapeutic techniques will enable them to better understand and act accordingly for the caregivers who are encountering issues due to mental illness in the patient in the family. The greatest significance of the theory may be perceived from the fact that it takes into consideration multiple issues that probably undermines the dormant factors causing adversity for the caregivers to care for the patients with mental illness. The stigma linked to mental illness often impedes the caregivers and other people associated to provide care for the patient to seek and participate in mental health program. Stigma has been defined as a complex constructs that encompass self, public and structural constituents influencing the mental illness victim, their supporting team consisting of the family members, healthcare network and community resources. Advocacy of mental health literacy in conjunction with cultural competence and family recruitment in the care regime will therefore lessen the impact of mental health issue and associated health costs in case of the caregivers due to prolonged association with the problem. In this respect policy change is encouraged to address the issue and promote mental health awareness program (Corrigan, Druss, Perlick, 2014). The fundamental goal of nursing to help out individuals and groups with their distinct needs to attain, maintain and restore health may be achieved through this theory by paying attention to the circumstances of the family members of patients with persistent mental health illness. A study examined the efficacy of the family intervention program to educate the relatives of the patients with schizophrenia and thereby helping them to cope better with the situations generated positive outcomes. The findings indicated that the relapse rate could be effectively minimized by incorporating the family into the treatment program and hence accounted for decreasing the load of mental pressure on the caregivers to a large extent (Pitschel-Walz et al., 2015). Thus the theory has the potential to enable the nursing professionals with enough training and expertise to deal with the family members of persistently me ntally ill patients that might add to their improved health outcomes and quicker recuperation from the distressed state. Strengths and weakness of theory The family health theory is a distinguished and holistic theory that is driven by the fundamental principles that can very reasonably attend to the family health outcomes in the concerned population where persisting mental health illness is a prevalent issue. One of the vital strength of the theory arises from the attention being laid upon the independent predictors of family health ranging from the adaptive mechanisms of the family, perceptions of the family regarding the symptoms in the patient, stressors affecting the situation and other associated factors. The propositions of the theory may be corroborated with the research findings that lay importance in collaborative trail of progress including the family members together with the client and the therapist to ensure that the goals of clinical intervention has been attained (Bitter, 2013). Thus, this theory may be implemented in nursing practice in the form of succinct guidelines to facilitate rapid learning outcomes among the nu rsing students. Unlike any other theory, the family health theory also has its own limitations and loopholes. The foremost identifiable drawback is concerned with the factor that consider the time since diagnosis of mental illness for the family to predict their health outcomes. The impact of this variable has generated contradictory responses through empirical research findings that relate the variation in results due to passage of time with either increased or decreased burden of mental health illness in the client. The cumulative experience of the family has not been addressed satisfactorily in the theory and therefore requires further extrapolation and elaboration for future consideration. Another less understood aspect of the theory attribute to the concept of stressors that underpin the family health outcomes. Although certain specific type of stressors such as the ones including intrafamily, financial, employment, marital, illness related, grief and loss, legal transition and mental healthcar e system stressors have been mentioned, yet the degree and exact impact of this factor has not been well assessed (Bush et al., 2015). Therefore psychiatric mental health nursing with the concepts matching evidence based practice to devise suitable nursing intervention is of utmost necessity to resolve the issues because of the impact of stress (Townsend, 2014). However, careful consideration of all the confounding factors can help to mitigate the negative health outcomes in the family of patients with persistent mental health illness thereby promoting health and wellness among them (Riegel, Jaarsma, Strmberg 2012). The specific mental health issues those are likely to impact the behaviors and health outcomes of the family also need to be appropriately identified in order to render quality healthcare facility in such cases. Implications for refinement research and practice The propositions and assumptions of the theory attended to the causes for the burden among the family caregivers with patients of persisting mental health illness. In real life situations the degrees and frequencies of the onset of symptoms related to mental illness may further affect the stress generation of the family members or caregivers. The orientation and working of the family gets severely affected due to presence of such perpetual problems. The various novel coping methods as carried out by the family members culminate in producing either positive or negative effects that might cause easier management or subsequent deterioration of health as per the given circumstance. In this regard the refinement of the theory is appreciable to identify the accurate and case appropriate remedy that may be applied to treat the condition holistically. Hence design of suitable interventions is absolutely necessary to alleviate the hazards and improvise education and consultation including the patient and the family together. Research has revealed that certain serious mental illness such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or major depression may be effectively addressed through family incorporation into treatment protocol for making informed decisions (Burden, 2013). The theory may be well utilized under such circumstance to analyze the feasibility of the prospective interventional technique. The three chief factors in the family health theory consisted of the client, family and professional component. Careful analysis and due importance given to each of the component will therefore ensure better health outcomes for the family as a whole. The theory may be used by the nurses to test the reliability and validity of the theoretical framework provided. Comparison of the efficacy of this theory with respect to other theories can hence highlight about the actual benefits of using the theory. Numerous current and previous empirical researches have brought to the forefront the importance of family accommodation representing clinical data that are worth evaluating, supervising and identifying in clinical care setting. Family health in such cases may be positively affected due to implementation of therapies targeting family accommodation (Lebowitz et al., 2014). The applicability of the theory into real life practice has not been indicated anywhere. However, considering the utilities and clarity of the propositions mentioned in the theory itself it is expected that the nurses will abide by the theoretical guidelines to allow for the generation of positive outcomes. Prior to the actual trial of the theory into clinical practice the nurses may need to do a thorough and in depth investigation so as to be on guard against the possible drawbacks that might negatively impact the health outcomes in the family members having patients with persistent mental illness. In this context the reference may be cited for a study that inferred that need based short term psycho educational intervention meant for the family members of the schizophrenic patients might extract advance outcomes for both the family as well as the patient (Sharif, Shaygan, Mani, 2012). Therefore, utilization of the family health theory into clinical practice will enhance the profess ional competency as well as pave the way for consecutive research on this topic. Conclusion Management of mental illness is debilitating for the family and other caregivers. It requires a holistic approach for the nurses to assist the family to maintain their health and ensure client outcomes. Implementing theory-based practice is a hallmark of professional discipline like nursing. The central theme of nursing mid range theories revolves around physical and social environment around the human beings with the goal of the health. The major element of the Family Health Theory is identified in the interpersonal system where the family and the health care professionals interact to seek help in restoring their health and in turn care for the young adults with the persistent mental illness. After careful analysis of the FHT using the guidelines provided by Chinn Kramer, (2015) it can be concluded that FHT is a clear theory constituting a range of factors to assess the outcomes of health in family members of the adults suffering from persistent mental health illness. The health care professionals, nurses and adult patients can all use this theory to harbor better clinical outcomes and foster holistic mode of care to the desired population. Although the theory has drawbacks it is significant to be applied in research and practice. The theory is important for nurse to understand their practice and develop best interventions necessary to alleviate the hazards and improvise education and consultation including the patient and the family together. The strength of the theory is the enhancement of the family caregiving role and their health as they struggle to cope with the illness. However, the complexity of the theory due to six concepts limits its applicability. This middle range theory provides a framework for this initiative as it integrates the client, family and professional components into the practice. Thus, it is an important initiative in nursing practice to protect the health of the families struggling with the mentally ill member. Formulation of such theory accompanied by empirical testing is promising to the science of nursing. References Alligood, M. R. (2013).Nursing theory: Utilization application. Elsevier Health Sciences. Bitter, J. R. (2013). Theory and practice of family therapy and counseling. Cengage Learning. Burden, T. O. F. (2013). Current issues in family research: can the burden of mental illness be relieved?. Helping families cope with mental illness, 2, 309. Bush, P. W., Drake, R. E., Xie, H., McHugo, G. J., Haslett, W. R. (2015). The long-term impact of employment on mental health service use and costs for persons with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Services. Chinn, P., Kramer, M. (2015). Knowledge development in nursing: Theory and process (9th ed.). St. Louis: Elsevier Mosby. ISBN 978-0-323-31652-1 Corrigan, P. W., Druss, B. G., Perlick, D. A. (2014). The impact of mental illness stigma on seeking and participating in mental health care. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 15(2), 37-70. Davidson, J. E., Jones, C., Bienvenu, O. J. (2012). Family response to critical illness: Postintensive care syndromefamily. Critical care medicine, 40(2), 618-624. Ditton, M. (2013). Quality in Delivery of Mental Health Services. INTECH Open Access Publisher. Doornbos, M. M. (2002). Predicting family health in families of young adults with severe mental illness. Journal of Family Nursing, 8(3), 241-263. doi:10.1177/10740702008003006 Furnham, A., Kirkcaldy, B. (2015). Lay Peoples Knowledge of Mental and Physical Illness. InPromoting Psychological Well-Being in Children and Families(pp. 14-32). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Geary, C. R., Schumacher, K. L. (2012). Care transitions: Integrating transition theory and complexity science concepts.Advances in nursing science,35(3), 236-248. Green, C. A., Estroff, S. E., Yarborough, B. J., Spofford, M., Solloway, M. R., Kitson, R. S., Perrin, N. A. (2014). Directions for future patient-centered and comparative effectiveness research for people with serious mental illness in a learning mental health care system. Schizophr Bull, 40(Suppl 1), S1-94. Kieling, C., Baker-Henningham, H., Belfer, M., Conti, G., Ertem, I., Omigbodun, O., ... Rahman, A. (2011). Child and adolescent mental health worldwide: evidence for action.The Lancet,378(9801), 1515-1525. King, I. (1981). A theory for nursing: Systems, concepts, process. New York: John Wiley. King, I. (1983). Kings theory of nursing. In I.W. ClementsF. B. Roberts (Eds.), Family health: A theoretical approach to nursing care. New York: John Wiley. 87-99. King, I. (1990). Health as the goal for nursing. Nursing Science Quarterly, 3, 123-128. King, I. (1995). A systems framework for nursing. In M. A. Frey C. L. Sieloff (Eds.), Advancing Kings systems framework and theory of nursing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 14-21. Lazarus, R., Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer. Lebowitz, E. R., Panza, K. E., Su, J., Bloch, M. H. (2014). Family accommodation in obsessivecompulsive disorder. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. Lindgren, E., Sderberg, S., Skr, L. (2016). Being a parent to a young adult with mental illness in transition to adulthood. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 37(2), 98-105. doi:10.3109/01612840.2015.1092621 Lvvik, C., verland, S., Hysing, M., Broadbent, E., Reme, S. E. (2014). Association between illness perceptions and return-to-work expectations in workers with common mental health symptoms.Journal of occupational rehabilitation,24(1), 160-170. Mary, M. D. (2000). King's systems framework and family health: The derivation and testing of the theory. Journal of Theory Construction Testing, 4(1), 20. Retrieved from https://www.lib.uwo.ca/cgi-bin/ezpauthn.cgi?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/219180388?accountid=15115 O'Donnell, E. M., Ertel, K. A., Berkman, L. F. (2011). Depressive symptoms in extended-care employees: Children, social support, and work-family conditions. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 32(12), 752-765. doi:10.3109/01612840.2011.609958 Pitschel-Walz, G., Leucht, S., Buml, J., Kissling, W., Engel, R. R. (2015). The effect of family interventions on relapse and rehospitalization in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Focus. Riegel, B., Jaarsma, T., Strmberg, A. (2012). A middle-range theory of self-care of chronic illness. Advances in Nursing Science, 35(3), 194-204. Rogers, A., Pilgrim, D. (2014).A sociology of mental health and illness. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Sharif, F., Shaygan, M., Mani, A. (2012). Effect of a psycho-educational intervention for family members on caregiver burdens and psychiatric symptoms in patients with schizophrenia in Shiraz, Iran. BMC psychiatry, 12(1), 1. Sieloff, C. L., Frey, M. A. (Eds.). (2007).Middle range theory development using King's conceptual system. Springer Publishing Company. Suresky, M. J., Zauszniewski, J. A., Bekhet, A. K. (2014). Factors affecting disruption in families of adults with mental illness. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 50(4), 235-242. doi:10.1111/ppc.12047 Townsend, M. C. (2014). Psychiatric mental health nursing: Concepts of care in evidence-based practice. FA Davis. Walsh, F. (2015). Strengthening family resilience. Guilford Publications. Walton-Moss, B., Gerson, L., Rose, L. (2005). EFFECTS OF MENTAL ILLNESS ON FAMILY QUALITY OF LIFE. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 26(6), 627-642. doi:10.1080/01612840590959506 Webb, M., Peterson, J., Willis, S. C., Rodney, H., Siebert, E., Carlile, J. A., Stinar, L. (2016). The role of empathy and adult attachment in predicting stigma toward severe and persistent mental illness and other psychosocial or health conditions. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 38(1), 62-78. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.17744/mehc.38.l.05 Wei, S., Cooke, M., Moyle, W., Creedy, D. (2010). Health education needs of family caregivers supporting an adolescent relative with schizophrenia or a mood disorder in taiwan. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2010.04.003

Is Wrestling For Children Essays - WWE Hall Of Fame,

Is Wrestling For Children? Is Wrestling Suitable for Children? Children all over the world are watching wrestling now more than ever. Some say it is very entertaining while others say it is garbage. Nonetheless, tickets are selling in less than an hour. ?Besides matches, which are when two or more wrestlers compete in a ring, there are also interviews where the wrestlers state how they feel to the fans. In these interviews, some wrestlers curse and say disgusting phrases that parents feel their children should not hear?, said a high-school student-wrestling fan. This is one of the many reasons why parents ban their children from watching wrestling. Although some strict parents would never let their children watch wrestling, it is still suitable for children over a certain age of about twelve or thirteen. Today, many people over the age of ten watch wrestling. Kids love to talk about Federation television programs with their friends. Attending a live event allows a family, friends and even football fans to exercise their First Amendment rights. Fans express themselves with self-styled signs that they bring to Federation live events. They even take pictures of their favorite superstars and mock them as well said a student. ?It is not right for a child to know these words but they still do learn them in school and other social places?, said a parent. Parents should not immediately think that their child is doing these things all from wrestling or something else on television. Wrestling teaches children some interesting things that they should know. The parent could let them watch it not only for the entertainment side of it, but also for its learning experience. ?The announcers at the show call the match move-by-move and also use some interesting words that helped me on the SATs?, said a student. Parents must not ban their children from wrestling all because they feel the wrestlers have no intelligence. The only reason why they might have a real reason to ban their children from watching wrestling is the sex appeal involved, stated a parent. It is not fair that if an eleven-year-old boy, who probably does not like girls yet, watches wresting and sees what happens. Parents do not want to let their children watch a woman and a man celebrate after a victory by kissing. If parents do not want their children to watch the Monday Night Raw show and the Thursday night Smackdown show, then they should let them watch the two weekend shows. These shows (WWF Superstars and WWF Livewire) are summaries of what went on in the past week without showing any violence, stated another student. In conclusion, wrestling is suitable for children depending on the maturity of that child. It is up to the parent whether their child should watch wrestling although it is practically the same as watching a rated R movie or even HBO.

ethnography of the city essays

ethnography of the city essays Cities exist for many reasons and the diversity of urban form and function can be traced to the complex roles that cities perform. Cities serve as centers of storage, commerce, and industry. The agricultural surplus from the surrounding country hinterland is processed and distributed within the city. Urban areas have also developed around marketplaces, where imported goods from distant places could be exchanged for the local products. Throughout history, cities have been founded at the intersections of transportation routes, or at points where market goods must shift from one mode of transportation to another such as river or ocean ports as well as railways. Cities are also sites of enormous religious and cultural significance not to mention being the center of administrative action. (Johnson, Earle) Cities have always existed in the mind as well as in physical structure. For many poor and disenfranchised a particular city can be assumed to be a utopia of possibility in which there will be economic wealth, job security, political refuge, and religious sanctity. Thomas More's Utopia envisioned a city in which no one was exploited or impoverished, because all worked. This has never been made a terrestrial reality. With the rise of the industrial city and the onset of mass media, the city can has its dystopian features as well. Urban areas are plagued by enormous and widespread poverty intermingled with prodigious wealth. The plight of the poor within the city has not been a facet of traditional anthropological inquiry until the prevalence of urban anthropology and studies that evolved in the late twentieth century. Violence is a pervasive presence in the lives of young people in urban communities in the United States. Despite recent declines in murder rates, homicide is a leading cause of death and injury among young people, especially those in urban areas. A recent study showed that in New York City, "one in four adolescent g...

International trade( to be specified) Research Paper

International trade( to be specified) - Research Paper Example The first task will be identifying the articles that can help in addressing the topic of the research. The data will be collected through primary as well as secondary sources. Primary data will be collected by the help of questionnaires and by conducting interviews from the selected population; whereas the secondary data will be collected from scholarly sources including books and journal articles. Regression analysis will be used to interpret the data collected through primary sources. Baier and Bergstrand state in their article that the free trade agreement is considered to be an effective way for introducing the foreign markets to the exporters of any country. Trade agreements are a source of reducing the barriers concerning exports, while protecting the interest of the countries and also enhancing the law in the countries that are FTA partners. The gravity equation also plays a significant role in analyzing the flow of international trade and in particular the effects of FTAs on international trade. However the facts suggest that the formation of a transparent and stable trading association and the reduction in the barriers associated with trade have the made investment much cheaper for the exporters of FTAs partner countries in case they want to export their products and services to the other trading markets. Statistics suggests that America in the year 2013 enjoyed trade surplus in their manufacturing industry with other FTA partners of approximately $60 bill ion, which was 30 percent more than the previous year (Baiera & Bergstrand, 2007). The topic of the research is considered to be significant from the economic point of view. Many nations do support the notion of free trade as they think that the agreement neglects the rights of the importers and focus on the rights and benefits of the exporters. For effectively

Public affair class media material plan Case Study

Public affair class media material plan - Case Study Example A committee member reckoned that, â€Å"the international students form a huge part and we are conscious of their different problems and they should therefore feel encouraged and safe while applying for courses in the United States†. â€Å"The main reason for this press release is to address the problem of online courses that are increasing radically† added another committee member. It is challenging for the department to control the number of colleges that are advertising for international courses online since we do not have control or access to the information that is released to people all over the world. In this regard we are therefore, looking for ways to control the number of these adverts over the internet and engage other government department to help in curbing the problem. The Department of International Students has received these complaints from citizens currently in the United States and in other parts of the world. We want to reiterate that although it is possible to control the problem within the country the same cannot be replicated in other parts of the world. This is because some of the messages the students receive are scams and they may originate from the home country. We are advising all students that although the terms and conditions for some and not all of these institutions may seem credible it is advisable if they could contact us so that we can get the information and relay to them whether it’s credible or not.We are looking to engage other student bodies and organizations in other countries to get their view on the methods that they use to eradicate the problem and see what we as a department can use to help the students. â€Å"However, as aforementioned, the student bears the highest responsibility since they make the independent choices on the best courses that are in line with their abilities and interests†, concluded the

Comparing Plans and Programs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Comparing Plans and Programs - Essay Example For benefits, one must be registered in their reporting system. It offers various health plan choices to convene beneficiary needs and offers two dental plans and other special programs. Both have similarities in their customer base. They use the same federal strategies and have similar rules.For Tricare eligibility one must be retired military and enrolled in DEERS. For CHAMPVA one cannot be retired military, and there is no DEERS enrollment (Moisoi 2010). TRICARE has no disability criteria for eligibility while CHAMPVA veterans must be fully disabled, or died while on duty. Tricare members do not receive medical services by veteran affairs doctors while CHAMPVA veterans and dependents can receive medical care through veteran affairs medical facilities. Managed care models provide quality medical services within a budget to an enrolled population. An example is the Staff Model, where physicians are salaried employees of a Health Maintenance Organization. Medical services are only open to HMO members.The physicians adopt the principles of managed care and the system tries to reinforce high quality and cost effective care with administrative supports. Procedures for implementing insurance plans include: Supervisor training that increases awareness of behavior problems and open channels of communication between staff and managers and Employee orientation that educates employees to understand their benefits and assists them in taking the first step toward benefit utilization. Utilization Review is the process of appraising the medical requirement and employment of resources for care. The principles enhance good ethical conduct, confidentiality of information and data. They ensure that members maintain a level of competency through continuing education. In the managed care referral process medical groups provide training for clinical area staff for new contracts or major changes in

Workforce Diversity And Competitive Advantage Commerce Essay

Workforce Diversity And Competitive Advantage Commerce Essay The purpose of this paper is to study the trend of leadership style over the relationship between organizations workforce diversity and its competitive advantage with mission and vision statements as intervening variable which shows the concern of organization leadership towards the diversity management. Most organizations are adopting diversity into their policies and procedures to embrace its benefits and there is a growing recognition that it makes business sense to take diversity seriously. The demographics of working population has changed in last two decades with more mature workforce remaining in the workplace and at the same time more female employees are seen in higher positions while having variation in their cultural backgrounds. Therefore, it seems beneficial for organizations to hire diverse workforce to meet the demands of customer expectations. Organizations that are flexible and responsive to a demanding marketplace require the service of multi-skilled and adaptable w orkforce. One clear competitive advantage for organizations having diverse workforce is that it provides an environment that values differences among employees and encourages them for different ways of thinking and behaving during work to fully contribute to organizational aims and objectives. Employers providing such an environment get the support of their employees and develop a positive public image. It must be understood that each member of diverse workforce holds his differences and similarities; hence, valuing and managing diversity is about recognizing the unique contribution each employee can make to the organization. It is about creating an environment in which everyone feels valued, welcomed, and able to make an important contribution toward the attainment of corporate objectives. Additionally, companies facing challenges in competing global marketplace for market share can use diversity as competitive advantage in a multicultural environment with a diverse pool of talente d and experienced individuals who can bring innovation and creativity to the organization. (U. Yozgat and F. Oben, 2009) studied the effects of leadership style on creativity which leads to the competitive advantage in organizations. This paper is to identify the organizational attitude towards the workforce diversity globally and comparing to Pakistan based organizations. The results showed the great concern of US and UK based organizations towards diversity management and no concern in Pakistan based organizations. Literature Review In this section, literature of workforce diversity is reviewed in correspondence with competitive advantage. Further, different types of leadership are discussed from the literature and then the role of leadership to achieve competitive advantage is reviewed. Workforce Diversity Diversity is not only associated to limited attributes that can be observed but also to those invisible characteristics such as differences in educational background, creativity, understanding, learning style, and problem-solving ability (Nafukho et al., 2011).So organizational performances and processes can be influenced by an individual or a group representing different categories of diversity within a workplace. (van Knippenberg and Schippers, 2007). Diversity is defined as any dimension that can be used to differentiate groups and people from one another (Giovannini, 2004, p. 22). Hence, diversity affects the organizations effectiveness and performance in terms of competitive advantage. (Joshi and Roh, 2009; Klein et al., 2011). This presumes that performance has a relation with organizations ability to achieve goals with respect to its mission or vision (Devine and Philips, 2001). In other words, performance is deemed as an outcome which is a result of some purposeful activity t o achieve competitive advantage as mentioned in mission or vision statements of an organization (Swanson and Holton, 2009). As the organization strives to achieve its goals or objectives, conflict may arise within the diverse groups to cope up the challenges of differences among them which keep them from achieving organizational performance (Østergaard et al., 2011). Since, Human Resource Department (HRD) deals primarily with performance of individuals, groups and organization at large to achieve competitive advantage, so diverse workforce demands the attention of HRD scholars and practitioners on the issues that arise in organization basing on the differences. It can be observed in modern trends for companies to use diverse workforce for completing special tasks which help achieve competitive advantage (Garrison et al., 2010) and there is always potential for the occurrence of conflict among such diverse groups which can derail the organization from achieving effectiveness. Henc e, it becomes the responsibility of HRD to address such conflicts in advance and use the knowledge of how to build the high performing and productive teams of diverse workforce who can to the overall competitive advantage of organization (Klein et al., 2011). In the past two decades several academic researchers have conducted research on various issues relating diversity. Richard (2000) examined the impact of diversity on organization and its productivity while Jackson (1993) found the positive relationship between diversity and creativity. Diversity research has also addressed the factors involved in assimilating new employees into an organizations culture (Berry and Sam, 1997). However, some argue that by its fundamental nature, assimilating new employees to obtain greater fit between the person and organization is achieved at the expense of diversity (Powell, 1998). In other research, Tsui et al. (1992) showed that race and gender has negative relationship with diversity as compared to age. Other studies have also consistently found that observable attributes have negative effects on outcomes such as identification with the group and job satisfaction at both the individual and group level of analysis (Milliken and Martins, 1996). Furth er, Milliken and Martins (1996) supported the argument of Tsui et al. (1992) that racial and gender diversity can have negative influence on individual and team outcomes in some cases regardless of age. As an example, they referred to those groups members who differ from the larger group tend to show less commitment, more turnover and absenteeism while at the same time this results in additional costs, such as, group coordination cost, communication cost and training and development cost. So, according to them, diversity results in increase in coordination and control costs. Workforce Diversity and Competitive Advantage: Most companies find diversity as a way to gain competitive advantage by increasing business competency, improving net income, building the effectiveness to compete in global markets, improving business performance, achieving higher employee satisfaction, enhancing corporate governance, attracting diverse talents and skills and retaining the workforce that maintains the customer base (McCuiston et al., 2004). Moreover, culturally diverse workforce brings benefits to business economy (Ferley et al., 2003) and leads to better performance of the business (Richard, 2000). According to Adler (1997), a company with a diverse workforce has greater chances for building an innovative working environment. This statement is beautifully expressed in the words of White (1999), who states that creativity thrives on diversity. These benefits can be derived from the proper implementation of diversity-promoting policies (Jamrog, 2002). Many firms today seem to be increasingly embracing racial, ethnic and gender workforce balance, not for legal or ethical obligations, but as a matter of taking a progressive perspective on economic self-interest (Coil and Rice, 1993). It has been recognized recently that increasing diverse workforce has presented both opportunities and challenges for organizations which are striving for efficiency, innovativeness and global competitive advantage (Barak, 1999). As the global markets are getting more complex, utilization of organizations knowledge, skills and abilities is getting even more crucial in this rapidly increasing competition where organizations want to be more creative and innovative (Ng and Tung, 1998). In order to manage the growing diversity of the work force, organizations need to implement such systems and practices so that the potential advantages of diversity are maximized and the potential disadvantages are minimized (Cox, 1994). Managers in the organizations prove to be ineffective when dealing with a diverse workforce and language is reported as main hurdle when communication fails between the different nationals in employment Dadfar and Gustavsson (1992). However this negativity of the diverse workforce can be handled successfully by taking effective and rational decisions Watson et al. (1993). Those who decide to have diversity as a source of creativity and innovation, this proves to be much challenging to manage a diversified workforce. Many businesses experience failure when attempt to employ the diversity in its full picture to see its results on operations of the organizations (Farrer, 2004), as it demands the much energy and attention to manage the diversity. Effective diversity management have to cope with many of challenges like work ethics, authority, work relations, culture and ethical standards (McCuiston et al., 2004). Leadership In the literature, many authors which have interest in studying topic of leadership, offered definitions of leadership and defined this concept as a complex process by which a person influences others, applying his/her leadership attributes like belief, values, ethics, character, knowledge and skills, to accomplish a mission, task or objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent (Greenberg Baron, 2000). In addition to, it is seen that there are differences in connection with the types of leadership. Burns (1978) was one of the firsts to identify two types of leadership styles, transformational and transactional. Leadership remained the single most important issue in annual surveys for identifying top management issues during all times (HRI, 2002a). To manage a diverse workforce, organizations need visionary leaders but availability of them is scarce. According to the study by Diversity Inc. (2002), it is forecasted that many top management of several leading companies will lose one in five top managers due to retirement. Let alone, US companies will lose 40 percent or more of their top executives till 2015 (Wellins and Byham, 2001). One solution offered to this scarcity is to develop leaders at every level and in every function in an organization (Hesselbein, 2002). For this solution, Kappa Omicron Nu Honor Society (2002) advised the most effective leadership components to manage diversity, which are: Sensitivity and awareness about diverse workforce. Resources to strengthen and improve the quality of diverse individuals Inter-communication skills to solve mutual differences Strategies to maximize the effectiveness of diverse workforce. The goal should be to develop cross-cultural leaders and generate a new crop of multicultural professionals (Yukl, 2002). These leaders are provided with the required resources and authorities to manage workforce. The focus should be to enhance their listening, learning, networking, communication, and experimenting skills to manage a diverse workforce (Melymuka, 2001). Finally an effective strategy must be developed to include diversity at all levels of management, and there must be commitment to diversity at senior levels where it is strategically more important (Conklin, 2001). This strategy must be evident in organizations mission and vision statement and should involve a systemic, results-oriented, business-based approach (Fitzpatrick, 1997). Yet companies do not seek diversity unless this business competency results in increased profit and metrics that substantiate the necessity to expand the emphasis on diversity (Diversity Inc., 2002). Irrefutable measurable benefits can be de rived from properly implemented policies to promote diversity (Jamrog, 2002). The most evident measurable benefits are improved bottom line, competitive advantage, superior business performance, employee satisfaction and loyalty, strengthened relationship with multicultural communities, and attracting the best and the brightest candidates. Competitive advantage defined in diversity as, Recruiting and retaining people of diverse backgrounds who can share a common set of values. . .and approach to business is a priority for todays competitive organization (McCormack, 2002, p. 1). Jamrog (2002) suggested three-point approach to enhance effectiveness of leadership to manage diverse workforce: premise, guidelines and actions. There are three premises that leaders need to value diversity: (1) One size doesnt fit all leaders need to use different approaches for solving problems and developing workers as all situations and individuals are not the same, (2) Not everyone can be a leader organizational should focus only on individuals who have the ingredients of becoming a good leader, and (3) Leaders can be at any level or function anyone who can inspire, influence and guide others in the organization is a leader regardless of position. The five guidelines that leaders need to value diversity are: (1) Communicate, communicate, and communicate share freely your ideas, suggestions, opinions; listen to ideas of others with interest, (2) Build contact into your daily actions and duties Plan your actions, meetings, and duties so as to maximize contact with multiple p eople in the organization. (3) Manage and lead by walking around Be outside the office frequently and interact informally with others of different levels, functions, backgrounds and experience, (4) Champion diversity Bring in the contribution of everyone to increase commitment, innovation and creativity, and (5) Sponsor diversity Defend the decisions, actions and interactions while supporting everyone in the organization. Lastly, the five actions that leaders need to value diversity are: (1) Assessment of leadership potential within the organizations, (2) Provision of training and tools, (3) Inclusion of diversity at all levels, (4) measuring and rewarding efforts, and (5) encouraging the organization to be patient. (Daniel Goleman, 2000) explored different leadership styles to affect the organizations in successful manner. (Malini Janakiraman,2011) identified the concern of the business leaders in treating the diversity management as a source of attaining and sustaining the comp etitive advantage. Organizational vision and mission is strongly related with leadership styles (John J. Sandi L., 2007), which includes the mentioning of competitive advantage explicitly. (John A. Pearce II Fred David, 1987) identified the competitive advantage as a major component in the organizations mission statement. Conceptual Framework: The literature reviewed thus far indicates that there is a positive relationship between workforce diversity and the benefits derived by organizations in the form of competitive advantage (McCuiston et al., 2004). Mission statement should mention the competitive advantages ( John A. Pearce II, Fred David, 1987) so that the goals and objectives can be aligned to attain or sustain the competitive advantage of the organization. Organizations using the diversity management as a competitive advantage or basis for then the organization are to mention the diversity in their mission statement. This study goes around finding the different country based organizations dealing the diversity management as a competitive advantage and the countries not taking it as strength to capitalize for competitive advantages. Data Collection: The data in this paper is based on top 100 companies of Forbes Global 2000 (2012). The mission, vision and strategy statements of these 100 companies are studied carefully. The website links of these statements are provided at the end of this paper in Appendix I. During the study, two of these companies are omitted from the list because both were in Portuguese language and further two are added to complete the list. Moreover, 50 companies of Pakistan from KSE-100 Index (2012) are also studied. The website links of the mission, vision and strategy statements reviewed are also provided in Appendix II of this paper. During the data collection, it was made sure that a company from every sector with revenue over Rs.1 billion is included. Those multinational companies that are working in Pakistan and listed at KSE-100 index were omitted to avoid double entry. The date is shown in following table. Region Diversity No Diversity America 30 8 Europe 25 12 Asia 10 15 Pakistan 1 49 Overall 66 84 Source: http://www.forbes.com/global2000/list/ The criterion set to study these statements is to find the exact word diversity in the mission, vision or strategy statements of these companies. The data collected is shown in following graph. The American region comprising North and West Continents seems to have more awareness about workforce diversity, as shown in the table. While there is no surprise that only one company (KAPCO) in Pakistan mentions diversity in its vision statement. Findings and Conclusion: The results depict that those companies which are multinational require a clear vision and strategy about workforce diversity. North and South American countries including USA, Canada, Brazil, and Chile have more awareness of workforce diversity while European countries are also inclined towards it. Findings also indicate that Asian companies are not as diverse as rest of global players because most of these are located in China, Japan and South Korea. Moreover, companies leadership plays a considerable role in inclusion of diversity because usually the top brass establishes the vision, mission and strategy of the company. So, the role of top leadership may not be ignored here. This paper began with the review of diversity and its role in achieving competitive advantage. Further going through the literature it linked to leadership because to include diversity for achieving competitive advantage, managerial leadership needs to have better vision. This evidence in literature was also shown that leadership moderates the affect of diversity to achieve competitive advantage. The requirements of becoming a visionary leader are further discussed which can influence the mission, vision and strategy of the organization. The limitation in this study was the time-frame due to which the exact leadership style could not be established. In future research, a leadership survey can be conducted to determine the style of leadership which can be beneficial for diversity inclusion.

Comparing An Occurance at Owl Creek Bridge and The Snows of Kilimanjaro :: comparison compare contrast essays

An Occurance at Owl Creek Bridge and The Snows of Kilimanjaro. Death is an intriguing thing. From time immemorial we have feared it, used it, pondered it. Frequently, stories allow the reader into the minds of those immediatly surrounding the one who will die; but all of us "will die." Our morbid interest is in dying, the going, that threshold between death and life. What happens there? There are similiarities and differences in how death appears to the protagonist, written by Ambrose Bierce in An Occurance at Owl Creek Bridge, and Ernest Hemingway in The Snows of Kilimanjaro. Bierce offers An Occurance at Owl Creek Bridge to show the incredible fantasy that passes through the mind of a man as he dies. Hemingway's engrossing description lies in The Snows of Kilimanjaro. Here, on the African savannah, a man encounters death slowly and with excruciating lucidness. While the differences between the two stories are easy to enumerate, it is the simliarities that may offer the most insight into the minds of the authors and, perhaps, into the minds of us all. The setting for An Occurance at Owl Creek Bridge is northern Alabama during the Civil War. Peyton Farquhar (Peyton) is said to be a planter who is left behind by the Confederate Army due to circumstances "...of an imperious nature," but he longs for the "release of his energies, the larger life of the soldier, the opportunity for distinction." Immaturity seems the watchword for him; the eagerness with which he swallows the bait presented by a Union spy may give a glimpse of the lack of gravity in Peyton's character that leads to his capture and to the fantastic attempt at escape or denial that his mind fabricates just before his death. Peyton is not a realist. Harry is a realist. The protagonist in The Snows of Kilimanjaro faces his pending doom with distinct clarity and resignation. In fact, his insistance greatly distrubs his wife (naturally) who tries to cheer him up by telling him that help is only a day away, and all that is needed to make it is a positive attitude. Harry is positive. He is certain that he will die very soon. He knows the mistake that has sealed his fate. Although he would change the past if he could, he does not seem to lament his end except for the writing he will never do.

Glass Menagerie Essay Essay

Have you ever read the book The Glass Menagerie and seen the movie? There are more similarities between the book and the movie version than there are differences. The movie does have some small differences but the movie script is almost identical to the script of the play. They both have the same setting and all the scenes take place in the apartment of the Wingfields. All the characters also remain the same consisting of only Amanda Wingfield, her children Tom and Laura, and Jim O’Connor (the gentleman caller). There were many technological aspects of the play and the movie that were different. Some things that were done in the movie could not be done in the play. For example, in the movie, you can see the scene from different views and different frames. Also, in the movie, the actor’s backs could be towards the audience, but actors can’t do that on stage in a play. Lastly, in the movie, music was played in the background during the scenes, which is something that wasn’t done in the play. Some of Laura’s features that are in the play are also different in the movie. Laura had a brace on her leg during high school because of a disability but the brace was no longer on during the movie. In the movie, Laura seemed like a normal person and you would probably not even be able to tell there was anything wrong with her if her family didn’t show such and exaggeration of her being a cripple. Amanda also acts like she was still young expecting gentleman callers at any moment and in the movie the actress that plays Amanda seems way to old, I would have used someone a bit younger. When Jim comes over, Amanda flirts with him like she is the one trying to marry him instead of Laura. Tom also seems different in the movie. In the movie he is kind of creepy and it seems like he does not care much for his family and is just waiting for the chance to leave. In the play he seems like a good person who wants to do the best for his family but wants to get out. Similarities are more common between the play and movie. As I mentioned before, the scripts are almost identical to one another and there are only a few sections in which the movie strays from what is written in the book. Most of the characters, with the exception of Amanda, follow the personalities that are described in the play. The apartment is also set up  the same way as it was in the play. Even outside the apartment was the same with the dance hall in the alley and the fire escape. The story lines of both the play and movie were also the same. The movie differs little from the book with the exception of the differences above. In comparing the play, The Glass Menagerie, to the movie, they are very similar in most ways. The differences lie in the personalities of the characters themselves and how they are portrayed. It seems like when creating the movie they chose to stick as close to the play as possible.

children and tv Essays

children and tv Essays children and tv Essay children and tv Essay Some parents believe that watching television is bad for their children. So, they try to restrict their children from watching TV. However, other parents think that there is nothing bad in watching TV. Personally, I think that watching TV brings children only benefits unless they spend in front of TV set less then a couple of hours daily. For the following reasons, which I will mention bellow, I believe that television plays an essential role in childs development. First of all, television helps a child to extent his r her range of interests. Children can find out many new things and make many exiting discoveries for themselves. In addition to these practical benefits television improves childrens vocabulary, their memory and gives them the opportunity to gain more knowledge. I think it is very essential for a child. Of cause, someone can say that there are plenty of different recourses of information such as books and teachers. But, I think, in our modern world children must learn faster and use all contemporary technology in order to succeed. Second of all, watching cognitive programs helps children to learn more about wild life, our environment and about the importance of preserving our forest and wild animals that live there. Scientists say that a child should not watch TV more then 40 minutes successively. For example, my mother always made us have a break after watching TV more then half an hour and let our eyes rest for several minutes before turning on the TV again. I think it is the best solution. To sum up, I believe that television gives children and all people he opportunity to learn what can not be learn from books. Television and movies in particular allow people to feel the reality and see what they will most likely not be able to see in their lives. Personally, when I was a child I liked to watch cognitive programs about wild animals. Unfortunately, my family had only one TV, but these programs were the only ones we all wanted to watch. So, we gathered in our living room and watched them in complete silence and I always remember those moments with a smile on my face.

The 2018 Winter Olympic Games in Munich, Germany

The 2018 Winter Olympic Games in Munich, Germany Introduction Currently, events are increasingly being considered as one of the key components of our culture (Torkildsen, 2005, p.467). This has arisen from a number of factors some of which include increase in the consumers’ discretionary income and leisure time (Campbell, Stonehouse, Houston, 2004, p. 34).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The 2018 Winter Olympic Games in Munich, Germany specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The world of events is composed of a wide spectrum of events some of which relate to sports, politics, business and cultural occasions (Damster, Tassiopoulos, Dry, Gasche, Johnson Knocker, 2005, p.8). Events can either be classified as special events, major events, and hallmark events. Special events include events that occur less frequently and are outside the normal operations of the organizing body (Varrel Kennedy, 2011, p. 1). On the other hand, major events entail large scale events wh ich are either national or international. As a result, they attract extensive media coverage and spectators (Damster et al, 2005, p.8). The sports industry is one of the economic sectors within which numerous mega events are organized (Shone Parry, 2004, p.65). An example of such sporting event is the Winter Olympics. Decision to establish the Winter Olympic Games was first conceived in 1908 with the acceptance of figure skating during the Summer Games which were held in London. The first Winter Olympics were held in 1924 in Chamonix, Paris (Mechikoff, 2009, p.43). Currently, the Winter Olympic Games are held after every 4 years. Over the years, The Winter Olympic Games have undergone significant transformations. For example, more sports such as snowboarding, skeleton, figure skating, speed skating, curling, luge and freestyle skiing have permanently been included in the sports programme. Letter of introduction The Winter Olympic Games bid committee for the 2018 Winter Games is ple ased to present its bid to hold the 2018 Winter Olympic Games in Munich, Germany. Decision to make the bid arose from appreciation of the fact that Germany has successfully held other mega events in the past. For example, the 2006 FIFA World Cup which was held in Germany is one of the motivations that have made Munich to make the bid to host the 2018 Winter Olympics. Additionally, Bavaria which is one of the regions in Germany has successfully hosted winter games for example the recent World Championships which were held at Alpine. As a result, the country has sufficient facilities to host such a mega event.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, Munich intends to promote world peace through sports. In this document, the Bid Committee has outlined its evaluation of Munich as an appropriate city to host the 2018 Winter Olympic Games. Please find within the d ocument a comprehensive evaluation of Munich’s bid in addition with a concrete fact finding process. Positioning Vision Munich intends to effectively host the 2018 Winter Olympic Games which are amongst the most famous winter sports within the region. Over the years, Munich has successfully hosted major events and festivals. By hosting the Winter Olympic Games, Munich intends to promote the Winter Olympic Games into a celebration for all the parties. Mission The mission of Munich 2018 Winter Olympic Games is twofold. These entail promoting world peace through sports and to enhance development of the youth. Core values Some of the core values which will guide Munich in organizing 2018 Olympic Games entail portraying the spirit of solidarity, friendship, and fair play. Additionally, the participants are required to avoid any form of discrimination during the competition. Therefore, infrastructure and financial base are not the only factors which are considered when selecting th e city to host the Winter Olympic Games. However, the government of the host country must guarantee that that the Olympic Games charter will be respected (Japanese Olympic Committee, 2011, para. 1). Analysis of Munich as a host for the 2012 Winter Olympics Community Overview Germany is ranked as the 4th largest economy in the world with a population of approximately 82 million people (Tiersky, Jones Genugten, 2011, p. 119). The City of Munich is estimated to have a population of 1.4 million citizens while that of Bavaria is 12.6 million citizens. The country has adopted a parliamentary democracy system of government. However, the powers are shared between sixteen federal states and the Federal Government. The Members of Parliament are elected directly by the citizens every 4 years.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The 2018 Winter Olympic Games in Munich, Germany specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The elected Members of Parliament in turn elect the Chancellor who is charged with the responsibility of proposing the cabinet. The 2 tiers of government which include the State and the Federal governments have separate powers. The municipalities form a part of the state government. However, their operation is characterized by a certain degree of autonomy. Government support and partnership The success of the mega-event such as the Olympic Games is dependent on the degree of government support and partnership with various parties (Hiller, 2000, p. 440). The delivery of the 2018 Munich Olympic Games has clearly been defined by the Munich 2018 Multi-Party Agreement. The agreement clearly stipulates the commitments by the various parties to support the Olympic Games in different capacities. During the 2018 Munich Olympic Games, the German Federal government will be charged with a number of responsibilities. Some of these entail construction and maintenance of the venues, transport system and ensuring prov ision of effective immigration and customs services. The Free State of Bavaria will be charged with the responsibility of ensuring that there is sufficient security during the event. On the other hand, the local, regional and national authorities will be required to contribute 33.3% to cater for the construction of the competition venues. Additionally, the local authorities have accepted to contribute towards the construction of non-competition venues. The bid for Munich to host the 2018 Olympic Games has not only gained support from the local, regional and national authorities but also from the private sectors. The bid committee met with the German Prime Minister, the Chancellor and ministers who pledged their full support for Munich to host the 2018 Olympic Games. Community support For a particular city to successfully host Olympic Games, it must have sufficient land (International Monetary Fund, 2010, p. 9). This arises from the fact that significant proportion of land is used to construct the necessary facilities. In the process of bidding to host the Olympic Games, the bid committee experienced one major challenge. This arose from the fact that some of the local landowners especially those located at Garmisch-Partenkirchen were not willing to offer their land to ensure construction of the various sporting facilities. As a result, they decided to challenge the validity of Munich hosting the Winter Olympic Games.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite this challenge, an opinion poll conducted by the International Olympic Commission revealed that the bid for Munich to host the 2018 Olympic Games is increasingly receiving support. The poll results show that 60% and 53% of residents within Munich and Bavaria support the bid respectively. On the other hand, the national support for the bid stands at 56%. Host Organizing Committee (HOC) overview Legal The prevailing legal framework in Germany is sufficient for Munich to host the 2018 Winter Olympic Games. This arises from the fact that the government adopted the Olympic laws in 2010. Germany has over the past year been committed towards meeting the IOC requirements. The Organizing Committee of Olympic Games will operate as a not-for profit limited liability Company. The shareholders will include the local municipality of Garmisch-Partenkirchen, the Free State of Bavaria, the NOC, the Federal Republic of Germany and the Rural District of Berchtesgadener. The Shareholders Board will be charged with the responsibility of defining and implementing the role and responsibilities of the various stakeholders. Additionally, there will be a Supervisory Board which will be subject to the Shareholders Board. Its role will entail undertaking administrative control of OCOG. Additionally, there will be an executive management team which will be charged with the responsibility of overseeing the day to day operations of the OCOG. Host Competition Venues Mega events should have all the appropriate venues to host the event (Westerbeek, Turner Ingerson, 2002, p. 303). Munich intends to host the 2018 Winter Olympic Games in its existing venues. Additionally, the City of Munich plans to transform and revitalize some of the venues that were used during the 1972 Olympic Park from being Summer Olympics based to Winter Olympic based. Two main zones which include Garmisch-Partenkirchen and Munich will be used during the event. The City of Munich will be the center for all the gam es to be held. The bid intends to convert the 1972 Olympic Park into a venue that can host ice sports. Five competition venues will be used during the event. The opening and the closing ceremonies will be conducted in the existing Olympic stadium. Sports such as figure skating will take place in the existing stadium while the 1972 diving swimming venues will be converted into a curling venue. A demountable venue will be developed to host the speed skating oval. The bidding committee will ensure that an effective Olympic Village is developed. A number of media villages which will be located near the Ice Park will be designed. Another non-competition venue which will be developed includes the Munich zone. This zone will be comprised of the medals plaza, a restaurant and the main media center. Garmisch-Partenkirchen town successfully held the Winter Olympic Games in 1936. Within the Garmisch-Partenkirchen zone, 7 snow competition venues will be designed. Five of these venues will be lo cated within the Garmisch-Partenkirchen zone. Some of the sports that will be held within this venue include snowboard skiing, alpine skiing, ski jumping and freestyle. On the other hand, cross-country skiing and biathlon will be held at the Schwaiganger Nordic center. Other facilities that will be located within the center include a hotel to accommodate the media, the medals plaza, 4 media villages and a mountain media center. Transportation services Effective transport is necessary to ensure ease of connectivity when hosting a mega event (Roche, 2000, p.140). All the venues which supporting the Winter Olympic Games will be interconnected with an effective transport system which will entail a railway line and roads. To ensure effective interconnection of the venues a comprehensive improvement of the railway line will be undertaken. Additionally, 3 road tunnels will be constructed within Garmisch-Partenkirchen to ensure ease of access to the snow venues. Three main links will form t he core transport system between the venues. These include the Munich airport which will connect the participants to the Munich hotel area which is approximately 40 kilometers away. The airport is connected with numerous motorways and railway lines. The second system will link Munich to Schwaiganger Nordic Center which is a distance of 65 kilometers and Garmisch-Partenkirchen which is a distance of 90 kilometers. To ensure successful interconnection between Schwaiganger Nordic Center and Garmisch-Partenkirchen, the road tunnels will be expanded to 4 lanes. The 3rd system will link Munich to Konigssee through rail, road and motorway. Munich International Airport which is a modern, high capacity facility will serve as the main gateway airport for the entire event. The airport serves approximately 33 million passengers annually. The airport is strategically located at 125 kilometers North of Garmisch-Partenkirchen and 40 kilometers North of Munich. The chart below shows the estimated t ravel time between Munich international airport and the Olympic villages. Olympic Village Munich International Airport Konigssee 125 minutes Garmisch-Partenkirchen 90 minutes Munich 25 minutes Considering the fact that there are 7 motorways and 8 railway lines which converge in Munich city, the city forms the main transport center for Southern Germany. To eliminate congestion within the competition and non-competition venues, the bid committee will not provide any parking services. The bid committee has ensured that the venues are effectively served by shuttle buses and rail. Additionally, the bid committee will design 35,000 park-and-ride lots which will be distributed across all the venues which will host the event. Approximately 20,000 parking lots will be located around Munich, 13,000 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen and Schwaiganger and 2,000 in Konigssee-Berchtesgaden area. The appropriateness of Munich and Garmisch-Partenkirchen zones arises from the fact that these zone s are served by effective transport system. High capacity shuttle buses and low capacity rail stations will be used to connect all the venues. Additionally, the bid committee will ensure that traffic within Garmisch-Partenkirchen zone is limited to only permit holders and the Olympic transport. Considering the fact that the motorway system within Munich will be heavily used during the games, the bid committee will integrate advanced traffic management measures (Evans, Campbell Stonehouse, 2002, p. 34). Security services Tarlow (2002, p.9) is of the opinion that security is a critical consideration when holding any event. The bid committee believes that Munich has a comprehensive understanding of the security needs during the mega events such as the Winter Olympic Games. During the Winter Olympic Games, Munich will assign the security responsibility to the Free State of Bavaria. This decision was arrived at after consideration of the fact that Bavaria has successfully held mega even ts in the past. Additionally, security support will also be provided by the Federal Governmental agencies. The Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games (OCOG) will be charged with the responsibility of ensuring security within the non-competition and the competition venues. The overall security of the entire event will be on the Bavarian Ministry of Interior. The bid committee estimates that a total of $ 49 million will be incurred to cater for non-OCOG security while $ 37 million will be incurred to cater for equipments, planning, training, logistics, coordination, private security and law enforcement personnel. The German government guaranteed that the cost of the security will be integrated in the budget for the involved agencies. The security personnel for the event will be drawn from the Bavarian forced, private security agencies, and volunteers. The bid committee has also considered seeking the help of police forces from other regions within Germany. Information communicatio n technology It is important for event managers to ensure that there is an effective communication system to ensure successful completion of the intended event (Adams Mallen, 2008, p. 91). The City of Munich is extremely advanced with regard to information technology. For example, the city has a well established telecommunication infrastructure. From its assessment, the bid committee established that the city of Munich has sufficient level of technology and expertise that meets the requirements of the Winter Olympic Games. Environmental services One of the most important components which should be taken into consideration when bidding to host any event relates to the impact of the event on the environment (Yeoman et al, 2003, p. 32). The 2018 Olympic Games bid committee has formulated an innovative sustainability strategy. The strategy entails use of temporary and existing venues to host the event. As a result, the event will have minimal environmental impact. By bidding the 2018 W inter Olympic Games, Munich intends to attain the Gold standard under the German Sustainable Building Council certification system. The objective of the certification system is to reduce energy consumption with a margin of 30% during the 2018 games. In the process of upgrading and constructing new venues, a total of 1.3 hectares of forest will be cleared. To ensure environmental sustainability, the bid committee will ensure that an equivalent area is covered with trees. However, upgrading and construction of the competition and non-competition venues will not affect the protected areas. Additionally, the committee will also ensure that the Games adhere to the concept of carbon neutrality. Ensuring environmental sustainability is a key element in the bidding process (House of Commons, 2003, p. 7). This will be attained by integrating carbon offsets and using energy saving technologies and renewable forms of energy. The bid committee will ensure that all the venues are supplied with 1 00 per cent green energy. Medical facilities In an effort to enhance the wellbeing of the participants, each of the Olympic Villages will offer effective medical services. All the competition venues will offer modern emergency services in line with the specifications of each sport. Additionally, the bid committee will ensure that free healthcare services are offered to all the Paralympics and the Olympic family during the games. The bid committee has selected 4 hospitals with a total bed capacity of 4,100 to take care of the athletes and their respective organizing committees. The committee has also taken into account the interest of the spectators. Free first aid and other emergency medical services will be offered to the spectators at all the venues. Considering the fact that Germany is a signatory to WADA Copenhagen Declaration which prohibits doping in sports, Munich 2018 bid committee will open a laboratory for the event at the Technical University of Munich. This will play a c ritical role in fighting drug trafficking and doping. Marketing and communication Upon developing a product or service, a comprehensive marketing strategy should be formulated to create awareness amongst the target customers (Silvers, 2004, p. 6). For a mega event such as the Winter Olympics to be successful, it is critical for a comprehensive marketing campaign to be conducted (Theodoraki, 2007, p. 37). The objective of the campaign is to create awareness to a large number of individuals. To ensure successful creation of publicity regarding the Munich 2018 Olympic Games, the bid committee has integrated different marketing communication techniques. One of these entails outdoor advertising. For example, outdoor advertising spaces have been guaranteed by Munich Airport, and at other transportation companies. Other outdoor advertising guarantees that have been obtained entail posting adverts at Salzburg and Innsbruck airports in Austria. To ensure that a large number of individuals ar e aware of the event, Munich 2018 Olympic Games bid committee will also use other mediums in creating awareness. One of these will entail securing television rights with the local television stations. Legacy plan There are a number of legacies associated with the Munich 2018 Olympic Games. For example, 2 new multi-sports facilities will be constructed within Munich. Hosting the event will contribute towards an intensive investment in road infrastructure especially within the Garmisch-Partenkirchen area. The event will also result into an increase in the number of sustainable housing units (Coulter, 2008). Additionally, the event will also contribute towards revival of the Munich Olympic Park. The community especially the youth will also benefit from the awareness and education programmes. The programs will give the youth insight with regard to sports participation and Olympics. Considering the fact that the event will be held on the already existing facilities and temporary venues, a high degree of sustainability will be attained. Economic impacts According to a report by Great Britain (2006, p.9), there are numerous economic benefits which are associated with hosting mega events such as the Winter Olympics. These benefits range from short term to long term benefits. Some of the short term benefits associated with hosting Olympic Games relate to regeneration and increase in the number of local investment within the host city. This arises from the fact that there are numerous economic activities which are staged on the games (Cashman, 2002, p. 10). Different governments are increasingly promoting and supporting events as one of their core strategies towards attainment of their nation building, destination marketing and economic development goals. Damster et al (2005, p.8) opine that events entail a unique way of attracting tourists. As a result, events are increasingly being considered as an effective way of enhancing tourism within a particular country (Locate In Kent, 2009, p. 4). For example, by hosting the Winter Olympic Games, more individuals will change the perception regarding Germany. As a result, they will increasingly consider Germany as a potential foreign investment destination. The resultant effect is that the country’s Gross Domestic Product will be enhanced. Media services Mega events such as the Olympic Games are characterized by extensive media coverage (Great Britain, 2010, p. 9). These range from television and radio broadcasting stations and the print media. To ensure effective coverage of the event, Munich 2018 bid committee has proposed that it will design 2 main media centers which will be effectively equipped with the state-of-the-art facilities in order to meet the needs of the various media houses. One of the centers will be located in Munich while the other will be at Garmisch-Partenkirchen. The media centers will entail an International Broadcasting Center (IBC) which will be approximately 40,000 m2 and a Media Press Center (MPC) which will be approximately 20,000 m2. These centers will be housed at the Munich Trade Fair Center. Additionally, six media villages will be designed to cater for the needs of all the media. The media representative will be accommodated within the restaurants that are located near the media centers. This will ensure ease of access to their place of work. Transport between the competition and the accommodation venues will also be offered to all the media representatives. Accommodation The appropriateness of Munich to host the 2018 Olympic Games is evidenced by the fact that the city has sufficient accommodation. There are approximately 53,000 rooms which are located within a radius of 50 kilometers from Munich. This means that Munich meets the International Olympic Committee (IOC) accommodation requirements of over 24, 600 rooms. Approximately 18,500 rooms are located within a distance of 10 kilometers from Munich. More than 12, 800 rooms are located at G armisch-Partenkirchen while 1000 rooms are located at Konigssee. The bid committee has also projected the average room rate by 2018. The chart below illustrates these projections. Â   Single room Double room Candidature file rate 592 628 New rate 463 493 The chart below also illustrates the rates that other clients will be required to pay. These rates are inclusive of breakfast and taxes. Category of hotel Single room Double room 2 star 157 175 3 star 442 481 4 star 587 625 5 star 773 1041 Currency fluctuations pose a risk with regard to these projections. However, the bid committee confirmed that in the event that the room rates increase by 2018, it will cater for the difference. Business plan According to Bowdin (2010, p. 298) management of events should take into consideration the finances. One of the ways through which this can be attained is by integrating the concept of budgeting. This arises from the fact that a substantial amount of money is requir ed to successfully host the event. The 2018 Munich Olympic Games organizing committee has developed a comprehensive balanced budget which outlines the revenue and expenditure which will be incurred to host the event. It is projected that the event will generate $ 1.52 billion in revenue. Additionally, the total expenditure for the whole event is also $ 1.52 billion. To ensure that the event is successful, the organizing committee has set apart a contingency fund of $76 million which represents 5% of the total expenditure. Considering the fact that Germany is in a relatively stable region, the committee projects that the average annual rate of inflation by 2018 to be 1.6%. Revenue generation The chart below illustrates the projected the revenues to be generated from the event. Description Amount in million $ Sale of tickets 208 Licensing 36 IOC contribution 373 Government subsidies 41 Domestic sponsorship 511 IOC TOP Programme contribution 168 Other revenues 185 To tal 1,522 In its budget, the committee has also outlined the main expenditure items associated with the event. The main expenditure items identified are outlined in the chart below. Expenditure item Amount in million $ Transportation 95 Advertising and promotion 48 Administration 384 Contingency 76 Venue and villages 370 Paralympics Games 86 Technology 250 Games workforce 140 Ceremonies and culture 73 Critical path The chart below illustrates the key dates for the event bidding process. Date Event 16 January 2012 Registration of the bid to host the 2018 Winter Olympic Games 23 January 2012 Formation of the bid committee 2 April 2012 Signing of the bidding agreement 4 August 2012 Submission of the bidding document to IOC. 26 September 2012 Visit by the International Olympic Organizing Committee to inspect Munich. 4 December 2012 Selection of host countries by the IOC. Conclusion The evaluation conducted by the bidding committee on the appr opriateness of Munich to host the 2018 Winter Olympic Games presents a high probability of Munich being selected by the IOC. This is evidenced by the information presented by the bidding committee to the IOC. The information provided depicts the key success factors necessary to host an event such as the Winter Olympic Games successfully. The bidding committee has presented Munich’s commitment towards ensuring that the event is successful. For example, the bidding committee has outlined its proposal with regard to the various requirements that are necessary to host such an event. Some of these relate to provision of both competition and non-competition venues. Additionally, the bid is also supported by a number of parties such as the government and the local community. Reference List Adams, L., Mallen, C., 2008. Sport, recreation and tourism event management: Theoretical and practical dimensions. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Bowdin, G., 2010. Events management. New York: R outledge. Campbell, D., Stonehouse, G., Houston, B., 2004. Business strategy: An introduction. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinmann Cashman, R., 2002. The impact of the games on Olympic host cities. Web. Available at: http://ceo.uab.cat/lec/pdf/cashman.pdf . Coulter, M., 2008. Strategic management in action. New York. Pearson-Prentice Hall. Damster, G., Tassiopoulos, D., et al. 2005. Event management: A professional and developmental approach. Lansdowne: Juta. Evans, N., Campbell, D. Stonehouse, G., 2002. Strategic management for travel and tourism. London: Butterworth- Heinemann. Great Britain. 2010. Olympic games and Paralympics games 2012: Legacy, oral and written evidence. London: Stationery Office. Great Britain. 2006. Going for gold: Transport for London 2012 Olympic Games. London: Stationery Office. Hiller, H., 2000. Mega events, urban boosterism and growth strategies: An analysis of the objectives and legitimations of the Cape Town 2004 Olympic bid. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. Vol. 24, issue 2, pp. 440-458. House of Commons. 2003. A London Olympic bid for 2012. London: House of Commons. International Monetary Fund. 2010. Finance and development. New York: International Monetary Fund. Japanese Olympic Committee. 2011. History of Japan’s bid for the Olympics. Web. Available at: joc.or.jp/english/historyjapan/history_japan_bid03.html . Locate In Kent. 2009. Economic impacts of Olympic games. Web. Available at: locateinkent.com/images/assets/Economic%20Impacts%20of%20Olympic%20Games%20-%2009.07.09.pdf . Mechikoff, R., 2009. A history and philosophy of sport and physical education: From ancient civilization to the modern world. New York: McGraw-Hill. Roche, M., 2000. Mega-events and modernity: Olympics and expos in the growth of a global culture. New York: Routledge. Shone, A., Parry, B., 2004. Successful event management. London: Continuum. Silvers, J., 2004. Professional event coordination. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Tarlow, P., 200 2. Event risk management and safety. New York: John Wiley. Theodoraki, E., 2007. Olympic event organization. New York: Routledge. Tiersky, R., Jones, E., Genugten, S., 2011. Europe today: A twenty first century introduction. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. Torkildsen, G., 2005. Leisure and recreational management. New York: Routledge. Varrel, A., Kennedy, L., 2011. Mega events and mega projects. Web. Available at: chance2sustain.eu/fileadmin/Website/Dokumente/Dokumente/Publications/Chance2Sustain_-_Policy_Brief_No3___Mega-Events_and_Megaprojects_-_WP2.pdf . Westerbeek, H., Turner, P., Ingerson, L., 2002. Key success factors in bidding for hallmark sporting events. International Marketing Review. Vol. 19, issue 3, pp. 303-322. Yeoman, I., Robertson, M., Ali-Knight, J., Drummond, S., McMahon-Beattie, U., 2003. Festival and events management: An international arts and culture perspective. Amsterdam: Elsevier.