Childhood Sexual Abuse Impacting the Etiology of Eating Disorders Essay

Childhood informal affront Impacting the Etiology of take Disorders Todays literature estimates that as many as 1 in 3 females and 1 in 7 boys have been the victim of sexual detestation. There are about 2,000 to 3,000 spic-and-span cases of incest each year in each major city in the United States. It is reported by the National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse that in 1993, 2.9 one million million children were reported to protective services because they were being abused, neglected, or both (Schwartz). 16% of these 2.9 million children had been sexually abused. It is estimated that there are 60 million survivors of childhood sexual abuse in America today http//www.prevent-abuse-now.com/stats.htmDisclosure. This childhood sexual abuse has been implicated by some eating disorder experts as a factor in the etiology of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Eating disorder experts are currently engaged in heated debate concerning whether sexual abuse is a particular(p renominal) risk factor or a general risk factor in the development of eating disorders. Those who propose a detail link hypothesis believe that eating disorders are directly related to early sexual abuse and are a form of gender specific posttraumatic stress disorder. The proponents of the specific link hypothesis believe that their exists complex, multiple mediating mechanisms between sexual abuse and disordered eating (Kearney-Cook, 1994). They believe that sexual abuse has a direct effect on the victims body image. There is an emphasis on the adverse effects of sexual abuse on body esteem, self-regulation, identity, and on social functioning (Kearney-Cook, 1994). Those on the opposite side of the argument believe that eating disorders are not specifically caused by sex... ...ke-Kearney, Ann and Striegel-Moore, Ruth H. (1994). Treatment of Childhood Sexual Abuse in Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa A Feminist Psychodynamic Approach. International Journal Of Eating Di sorders, 4, 305 - 319 Waller, Glenn. (1991). Sexual Abuse as a Factor in Eating Disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 664 - 671 Kinzl, Johann F., et al. (1994). Family Background and Sexual Abuse Associated with Eating Disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1127 - 1130 Moyer, Diane M, et al. (1997). Childhood Sexual Abuse and Precursors of Binge Eating in an teenaged Female Population. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 21, 23 - 30 Zlotnick, Caron, et al. (1996). The Relationship Between Sexual Abuse and Eating Pathology. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 20, 129 - 134

Insider trading :: essays research papers

Insider barter has been a commonly discussed topic since Martha Stewart was accused, tried, convicted, and served a prison term for her involvement with the Inclon traffic scandal. However, the definition of the term insider trading is not necessarily always connected with illegal activity. As a matter of fact, in some jurisdictions, insider trading is no crime. Traditionally, it has been an expected, and perfectly acceptable requisite of certain sorts of employment.(Insider Trading). But since the latter part of the 1960s, stricter enforcement of insider trading practices have been put into place because of financial scandals.First to be discussed is a concrete definition of insider trading as it is discussed in this essay. According to the European Communities 1989 Insider Dealing Directive insider trading is the dealing on the basis of materials unpublished, price-sensitive information possessed as a resultant role of ones employment.(Insider Trading)Ivan Boesky pleaded guilt y to the biggest insider-trading scheme discovered by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). He made 200 million dollars by profiting from melody-price excitableness on corporate mergers. What he actually did was cheat by using illegally obtained secret information about impending mergers to buy and sell stock before mergers became public knowledge/ Although insider trading is nothing new, the SEC knows it has become a threat to the publics confidence, and they must enforce regulations to stop pitiful activity. The SEC has put pressure on managers to regulate information leaks, promising strict legal enforcement if a business fails to police misuse of privileged employee information.In his plea bargaining, Ivan Boesky agreed to pay one-hundred million dollars in fines and to fully cooperate with the SEC members in early(a) investigations of insider trading cases. His cooperation has also led to major charges against Kidder Peabody, Martin Siegel, and other f inanciers. Without Boeskeys help, catching other insider-trading criminals would have been almost impossible. Ivan Boesky even wrote a book about his involvement in the world of insider trading he called it uniting Mania. This case illustrated that there were real consequences to white collar crime. In addition to paying the l million dollar fine, he relinquished another fifty million dollars of his illegal trading profits. (He still had millions remaining, however, from his illegal gains.) His actual prison sentence was three years, yet he served only twenty-two months in the federal official prison at Lompoc, California, which was known to have a country-club atmosphere.