Learning Experiences Essay

A fear of something may begin as an involuntary response that is then reinforced through experience. Fears that arise out of experience may be based an isolated event, or a recurring event that reinforces the behavior. This experience which causes the fear can be analyzed through classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognitive-social learning. For example, an individual with a fear of dogs may have had a natural fear without any negative experience which then may be reinforced through actual negative situations. There may not be an explanation of why this fear develops just as a person may have distaste for certain foods, types of music, or specific hobbies, however circumstances may reinforce the fear that commenced without a definitive cause. Someone may have a fear but the fear may not necessarily be one that exists long term when reinforced with positive reinforcements it can be diminished or not so debilitating. This paper will discuss a particular individual, or sub ject, and her experiences which led to intense fear of dogs, that then diminished as a result of a long periods of positivity in her interactions with dogs. Classical Conditioning â€Å"Classical conditioning helps explain such diverse phenomena as crying at the sight of a bride walking down the aisle, fearing the dark, and falling in love.† In other words, having a particular experience or series of experiences brings about a permanent change in behavior. The subject as a child had a natural fear of dogs which could be be attributed to lack of interaction, and feeling intimidated by their size, which formed a feeling of danger. Another unconditional stimulus to reinforce this fear is that dogs bark, and their behavior can be unpredictable, which can instill a sense of fear and danger. These natural fears became conditioned through reinforcement from the subject’s parents to be cautious around barking dogs in an attempt to protect her from possible harm by an unfamiliar dog. This reinforced barking to be a sign of aggression. Therefore the subject associated barking with dogs being aggressive causing fear and anxiety also known as a conditioned r esponse. Operant Conditioning â€Å"Operant Conditioning is learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or un-favorable consequences.† The fear was a negative reinforcer on two occasions when the subject witnessed dogs biting others, and the attacks were un-provoked. Both of these dogs barked before the incidents occurred. Although the fear was reinforced through these negative situations, years later the subject was continuously exposed to dogs and was able to develop a better understanding of their behaviors and interactions with humans. These positive interactions alleviated most of the anxiety and debilitating fear she once experienced in the presence of dogs. Through continued interactions the subject was able to better understand the reactions of the dogs were reasonable in response to the particular circumstances the dogs perceived based upon their natural instinct to protect. Over time a better understanding of a dogs aggression and the subject realized that not all dogs bite in all situations. Cognitive Social Learning â€Å"Cognitive Social Learning is an approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning.† The subject overtime learned that most dogs are not taught to be aggressive because she was constantly put in situations to be around them without negative results. She learned to overcome her fear because she mimicked interactions that were previously seen earlier in life. Her dogs show her affection. She learned that barking can be a reaction to many things and does not signify aggression or danger. Conclusion Fear can be can overtime can be diminished by positive reinforcements. The subject now owns five large breed dogs. She is shown affection and loves her dogs. Although her fear is not completely gone, it is manageable and is no longer a phobia. Her fear was debilitating in early years.

Comare and Contrast Living in the Country and in the City Essay

Everyone has the different lifestyle. City lifestyle and country lifestyle are two different types of livings. There are some most different thing between living in the country and in the city are the environment, job opportunity, cost of living, and social life. The environment in the countryside and the city is very different. There are less pollution, fewer cars, and fewer factories in the countryside. Moreover, there are many trees while there are many buildings in the city. These entire make the environment is better, fresh, and more natural. In the city filled with cares and factories which are the important causes of noise and environmental pollution. People would prefer to live in the countryside far away from the noisy and dirty city. There are more the job opportunities in the city. The job market in the countryside is smaller than in the city. People in the country have their farms or field, and stores that they can make a living, so the jobs in the country are more relax than in the city. However, most people move to the city to find a job because it’s easier. People in the city are owner of a big company or work mostly in the companies. In the city, most of work requires a high class and people almost work with technology such as computer, printer, phone all day in the building. City is a gathering place of a large number of different professions. Industrialists, small business owners, job holders, people related to transportation like taxi drivers and rickshaw pullers, doctors, professors, garments workers and many other are found in a city. Working in the city make more money than in the country, but on the other hand, people get more stressed than working in the country. Therefore, the city life has more job opportunities but some people like living in country. The cost of living in the city is higher than the country. The goods are more expensive. In the country, most people have the sufficient economy. They can plant and breed animals so they have the cost of living that is lower and the goods are cheaper. The country life is simple and comfortable. The inhabitants of countryside are always bound by a sense of community, but they also suffer from being cut off from the exciting outside world. They have the advantage of knowing that there is someone to turn to when they need help and some ideal places to go when they need to be alone. The life is simple but cozy enough. But the inconvenient transportation and underdevelopment of economy deprive villagers the possibility of going to a new show or a latest movie, and make shopping a major problem. City life may breed a scaring feeling of isolation but it can also focus people’s attention. Living in the building, all people can see from the window is sky and the concrete building jungle. Gradually they tend to hide their feelings and do not even say hello to the neighbors or they too busy to care about people around; even though, they do not have time with their family. However, compared to the countryside, the city is a center of fashion and events, and an ocean of opportuni ties and material prosperity. Besides, the life in the city does not come to an end at ten at night like it does in the countryside. These reasons above shown very clearly. The country lifestyle is much better, simpler, and more relaxing than the city lifestyle. In the country, people make less and use less, but they enjoy their life with their family, have a peace life without competitive, noise, busy, crowded, and stressful.

The Impact of Native Americans in Today's Society Research Paper

The Impact of Native Americans in Today's Society - Research Paper Example Currently, there are a wide variety of tribes and ethnic groups that come under the descriptor of Native American. Since the arrival of the Europeans, there has been a progressive and steady degradation of the Native American culture, with little evidence or indications in the present day of their culture. Throughout the history of the country there have been numerous examples of the race being mistreated, ignored and treated as the same or less than the Europeans, rather than as a distinct race with its own traditions. This has had widespread consequences for the remaining individuals of Native American origin. Studies have shown an increased rate of suicide, social issues and violence within Native Americans as a consequence of unresolved historical grief. One suggestion has been to incorporate more Native American culture into the lives of these people to help them heal and understand their grief and their own histories. Early Conflicts The culture of Native Americans before the i mmigration of European colonists to the country was that of hunter-gatherer societies, where cultivation of many staple crops was also carried out. History was carried from one generation to the next by stories and oral traditions. Unlike European society, which was patriarchal in nature, and held the concept of individual ownership of property and land, the Native American society focused on land use for all of the community. This difference in approach and culture as well as changes in the alliances that different groups held resulted in high levels of conflict throughout the history of America. There were numerous conflicts between the Native Americans and the British government. Native Americans were not content to sit and watch their own rights be taken away, and they acted to ensure their own interests, both in the diplomatic and in the economic sense1. The introduction of Europeans to the Americas had large effects on the Native Americans, resulting in the deaths of many numb ers of individuals, as well as a long-lasting history of racism, prejudice, and loss of tradition2. The first experience that the fledgling government of the United States had with the Native Americans was during the Revolutionary War. It was important for the government to ensure the support of Native American tribes in the war with Great Britain. Failing this, the next most important factor was ensuring the Native Americans remained neutral, i.e. they did not fight against the United States. This brought the first use of treaties between Native Americans and the United States government into being. Following the revolution, the relationship between the United States and the Native Americans was irrevocably changed.

Windows or Linux Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Windows or Linux - Essay Example In contrast to Linux, Windows may be less superior in certain features; yet, Windows is still the priority of majority of computer industrialists and consumers. The most important factor that ensures the dominance of a system is its usability. Most Linux products still require a slight level of technical knowledge from their users. On the other hand, even a nontechnical user can perform even the most technical tasks by merely clicking a button on screen, through the user interfaces provided by Windows. This feature of ease of use alone is the most essential factor that has kept Windows at the top in consumer market over the years. The improvement in the sales of Linux over these years is because the Linux community has started focusing its development efforts on the usability of the products. But the rich interfaces of Windows still stand unmatchable. Windows may not be an easy system to learn, but it is still easier to operate than Linux.

Engineer Science Banding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Engineer Science Banding - Essay Example S = 453.33 V (avg) = 3.33 rev/sec Where, V is angular speed S is the number of revolutions Q. no 4 (Solution) (A) Work done = Force * height Torque = force * radius W = 357.14 * 28 250 = force * 700/1000 W = 12.755 Joule 250 = force * 0.7 250 / 0.7 = force Force = 357.14 N (B) 2as = v (final)2 - v (initial)2 As we know that in motion under gravity a is replaced by g Where,a = accelerationg = gravity now, 2gs = v (final)2 - v (initial)2 2 * 9.8 * 28 = v ( final)2 - 0 192.08 = v (final)2Taking square root on both sides V (final) = Linear velocity = 13.85 m/s (C) V (final) = v (initial) + g * t 13.85 = 0 + 9.8 * t 13.85 / 9.8 = t t = 1.41 sec Q. no 2 (solution) (a) V (final) = v (initial) + a * t Force = mass * acceleration 480 = 0 + a * 240 F = 1400 * 2 480 / 240 = a F = 2800 N a = 2 Now,Torque = Force * radius Torque = 2800 * 0.75 Torque = 2100 N-m (B) Whenever a machine carries out a sharing operation, which uses some of... (B) Whenever a machine carries out a sharing operation, which uses some of the energy of cascaded initial system, there is a definitely change in speed (rev/min) occur. Now, we can estimate this with the help of the given table.

The gamble house Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The gamble house - Essay Example Initially, this structural design was designed as a residential building. David and Mary Gamble first inhabited the Gamble house during the winter months until their sudden deaths in the years 1923 and 1929 respectively. Mary’s younger sister, after their deaths, took control over the house and lived in this house until her death in the year 1943. Cecil Huggins Gamble and his wife, Louse Gibbs Gamble, finally inhabited this house before it was marked a museum in the year 1946 (Peel & Meg 112). In the year 1946, the Gamble house was sold and the buyers thought of a unique restructuring and refurnishing of this house. The interior of this house was made of interior teak and white mahogany woodwork. In the year 1966, Huggins and Louise handed over this house to the city of Pasadena through a joint agreement with the University of Southern California School of Architecture. In the year 1977, there was a historical declaration of the Gamble House as a National Historic Landmark (Pe el & Meg 128). Currently, it has become a doctrine that 2 selected 5th year architecture USC students live in the Gamble House with an annual change while ideal fifth year students live in this house full-time. The Gamble House was purposefully designed for public tours. An hourly docent led tours are available to the public throughout the week in this museum. Educational purposes of this house are also elementary when talking about the purposes for its construction. For instance, architectural design students normally get designing guidelines from this house in relations to their future aspirations as architects. The Gamble House is also a landmark. As an American arts and styles architectural design, this house provides an appropriate landmark view, which is unique from the other American architecture (Peel & Meg 156). Content or design of the Gamble House largely depends on the season of the year in which this house

MOTOROLA MOBILITY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MOTOROLA MOBILITY - Essay Example The decline at Motorola Mobility has been blamed in part to the many number of models that were produced to cater to particular geographical and demographic areas, which was met with limited appeal. In addition, Motorola Mobility shied away from investing in products that were riskier, but more innovative for the long term. According to Iqbal Arshad, who was head of the Droid and RAZR teams, the company saw an increase in commitments from stakeholders who ensured they released at least forty products every year (Gold, 2012: p51). This reduced their ability to focus and seek to make a more lasting innovative difference. Motorola Mobility should seek to cut back drastically on the models that they release, as well as seek to sell directly in only a limited number of countries. The company has to simplify its business in order to focus on specific innovative products. In addition, the company could bring in new engineers to supplement the current ones who know the culture of Motorola Mo bility (Goggin, 2012: p744). In order to reclaim Motorola’s market share, the organization could pitch Motorola Mobility as the underdog start-up of the industry and develop a model that is symbolic of the turnaround. The firm will only get one chance to re-define their product and, therefore, the themes they select must be innovative, viable, and iconic. The new flagship model should also be designed to appeal to a mass market, rather than the more limited target market of the Droid. The company should also improve on its personalization scheme that allows Motorola Mobility device users to customize their products (Goggin, 2012: p744). While it is still in its infancy, the innovative scheme portends one of the organization’s biggest opportunities. The customization process could be enabled as an app or on a website, allowing the customers to request their customized phone remotely from various colors and textures. The customization process should also last for a short er time in order to counter attempts by rivals to pick up on their innovation and differentiate it by making it faster (Goggin, 2012: p745). Finally, this customization scheme should also allow for customization of software, which will require the engineers at the firm to come up with innovative ways to enable this feature. Despite the takeover by Google Inc, it may be prudent to maintain Motorola Mobility as an independent firm that engineers products independently. This would be the best choice for Google Inc that supports other companies on its Android platform and for Motorola Mobility as it will give them the innovative freedom required (Ickin et al, 2012: p51). It is important that the Motorola Mobility brand remains live from the bottom to the top, including in its management. However, running the company as an independent entity may not portend any business advantage to Google Inc as the organization is losing money. Since Google cannot offer early access to Motorola Mobilit y of its Android platform due to its other smartphone partners, it should be left up to the firm to create their own signature product. Having lost money prior to its acquisition, Motorola Mobility should now focus on producing a flagship Motorola product without relying on Google’s Android platform. It is clear that innovation is not a problem for

The Health Systems Issues and Managements Research Paper - 1

The Health Systems Issues and Managements - Research Paper Example Developing countries are the worst hit with this problem. Most of them face challenges such as lack of enough health worker, little financing, poorly functioning information systems and lack of coordination between various agencies. The existence of these challenges in the health systems has been majorly blamed on their management. The managers have failed to tap the available resources and effectively use their management skills in planning and implementing interventions that reach all citizens. This paper identifies and analyses issues (challenges) that face the health systems and gives proposed strategies to be used in managing them. Developed countries such as the United States do not face serious challenges in their health systems as much as the developing countries. However, their health care concerns revolve around three major issues. These issues include cost, quality and access (Andersen, Rice and Kominski, 2007). In the United States of America, the cost of health care is v ery high and has become a leading issue for healthcare mangers. Since the United States moved from heavy-handed managed care, expenditures have quickly increased, and the number of people who are not insured has also increased. In fact, it is estimated that about forty seven million US citizens are not insured (AFL-CIO, 2011). In addition, the population that continues to increase every year has put a lot of pressure on Medicare. The crisis in state budget has forced nearly all states to make serious cutbacks in programs aimed at assisting the poor. These cutbacks have put America’s health care system in crisis since medical health care spending and the number of uninsured people in the country has increased (Trouth, Wagner, and Barrow, 2010). The rising cost of health care services in the United States has attracted a lot of concerns and featured in the news a lot. A large portion of the country’s resources is being spent on health care. The spending is not expected t o go down soon but is predicted to reach 21 percent of the GDP by 2016. With this high spending on healthcare, most US citizens are still not able to access quality healthcare. Over 46 million Americans are currently uninsured even though America’s expenditure on healthcare is the highest globally (Farrell, 2009). Healthcare accounts for more than USD 2 trillion in the United States annual expenditure. While this is the largest economic sector of the country, millions of citizens are not able to take care of their health needs and the situation is getting worse (Farrell, 2009). For the past nine years, insurance premiums have increased therby making health insurance unaffordable to many US citizens. The rapidly increasing medical bills are continuing to leave families in debt. In fact, according to the organization Health Care For All –California, about one-half of all personal bankruptcies are due to medical bills. With this huge number of uninsured individuals unable to access quality healthcare and costs continuing to increase, the healthcare system of United States of America seems to be collapsing. The healthcare system of the United States of America is financed by premiums paid for health insurance or from government programs such as Medicaid and Medicare. The high numbers of people who are not insured in the country significantly increase the cost of healthcare. This is because health problems that

Critical thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Critical thinking - Essay Example affordable housing is housing where there is an intervention in the market through public subsidy† (2005, p.22).Other terms such as subsidized housing, attainable housing, and low-income housing can be used to mean affordable housing (Cowan, 2008). In recent years, the cost of property has grown more rapidly than incomes making it presently impossible for low and middle income earners to afford reasonable properties. First time buyers also form the group of people that is losing the most for lack of affordable housing (Whitfield, 2012). Due to this, some people have to search around for more affordable property in other areas. Sassi points out that â€Å"in the UK there is a deficit of between 30,000 and 45,000 affordable housing units being built each year† (2012, p.66). People working in high property value areas such as the South East and London are usually affected by the high prices of property. There is need for more affordable housing units to accommodate the needs of everyone, since even while housing benefits can reduce the burden that comes with housing for low income earners, the number of people in need of affordable housing is too big to be catered for through the housing benefits. The UK government has been investigating different approaches to increase the number of affordable housing, as well as planning on prefabricating parts and sometimes entire buildings to create room for more occupants. According to Sassi â€Å"prefabrication offers a good potential for creating energy-efficient housing by integrating higher levels of insulation in new construction systems† (2012, p.66). Prefabrication may be done on-site or off-site. However, off-site prefabrication carries more benefits over on-site fabrication since, in off-site fabrication manufacturing waste is reduced, while factory construction addresses the problem on construction skills shortage which is abound in the UK. In the United Kingdom, more than half of affordable housing is achieved

Canadian Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Canadian Economy - Essay Example   The main   economic indicators of the   health of any economy comprise in either the absolute figure of the Gross National Product(GNP) or the Gross National Expenditure(GNE) of the economy ,preferably on deflated basis with a base year or the period to period growth rate in such a rate ;unemployment rate is another critical indicators of the economic development and growth as it indicates the percentage of the able bodies that are not gainfully employed; the third and last   most important indicator of the economic health of the economy is the inflation rate which indicates the rate at which a chosen set of prices are rising and thereby determines the real purchasing power of the national currency. A high degree of inflation often leads to widespread erosion of economic value and if the inflation is caused by monetary factors then the economic results can give misleading results if measured at market prices. Canadian economy has come out of period of recession and is on an expansionary phase. It has experienced this growth despite several shocks like the hit to beef exports caused by the Mad Cow disease SAARS afflictions etc. As of the 3rd quarter 2007 the total population of Canada was placed at 32,976,026 .As of October 2007 Canada had an unemployment rate of 5.8 % .As of September 2007 the overall Canadian inflation rate was measured at 2.5 % .Real GDP rose by   0.2 % as of August 2007. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the most often used economic indicator to arrive at a good measure of the value of economic activity.... tal population of Canada was placed at 32,976,026 .As of October 2007 Canada had an unemployment rate of 5.8 % .As of September 2007 the overall Canadian inflation rate was measured at 2.5 % .Real GDP rose by 0.2 % as of August 2007. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the most often used economic indicator to arrive at a good measure of the value of economic activity. In fact, the GDP is a double edged sword in the sense that it helps measure two major economic data over the reference period: the total income of the population in the economy and the total expenditure incurred on the economy's domestic output of goods and services. A major factor that makes the GDP measure these two things is the fact that whatever one person in the economy spends becomes the income of another person; because in the ultimate sense each person in the economy assumes one of the two roles i.e. either that of the buyer or that of the seller. If one is not a seller himself, more general position then he is a member of a seller organization which is an economic agent and pays the member for selling his services. Speaking from the accounting point of view, for the economy as a whole, income and expenditure must always equal one another. In the 2nd quarter of 2007 Canadian exports rose by 0.7 % ;whereas the imports rose by 1.6 % in the same period. The exchange rate of the Canadian dollar with its major trading currency the US dollar stood at 1.0254 as of October 2007.The most sensitive and indicative of all interest rates i.e. The Prime interest rate was placed at 6.25 % as of October 2007. The stock markets also witnessed a good turnover and activity and the S&P/TSX Composite Index, with base of 1975 stood at 14,625.00 as of October 2007.The most important economic indicators of the Federal

3th Amendment to the Constitution of Bangladesh Essay Example for Free

3th Amendment to the Constitution of Bangladesh Essay Sandy Hook Shooting: Is It Time to Change the Second Amendment? Sandy Hook Shooting Is It Time to Change the Second Amendment About 80 million Americans, representing half of U.S. homes, own more than 223 million guns. The debate about the Second Amendment has been fierce, but after the horrible atrocity that just happened in Newtown, Connecticut, the time has come to rethink the amendment and change it. The change of the amendment in terms of availability of weapons, and who has the right to possess them, would create a safer society and lower the gun homicide rate in the U. S. — a figure that currently makes the U.S. the highest in the world. The change would include a certain necessary procedure in order to get a license for possessing a gun. Moreover, this procedure should include medical checks, full criminal history, and a police interview to prove they actually need a gun. Atrocities like what happened today could theoretically be prevented if it were more difficult to come into possession of weapons in the U.S. At this moment, there is a widely accepted misconception about the history of the amendment and its purpose within American society. When the founding fathers implemented Second Amendment the main idea behind it was to provide citizens with a way to oppose possible tyrannical government. However, today it is widely believed that the Second Amendment is there to provide you with a way to protect yourself from other individuals. The debate is also present over whether the Second Amendment provides for collective or individual rights. However, in 2008, in the District of Columbia v. Heller case before the Supreme Court, the Court ruled that the Second Amendment protects an individuals right to possess a firearm, unconnected to service in a militia and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes, such as self-defense within the home. In a 2011 Gallup poll, only 26% of American citizens said they would support the handgun ban. When Gallup first asked Americans this question in 1959, 60% favored banning handguns. But since 1975, the majority of Americans have opposed such a measure, with opposition around 70% in recent years. Americans have shifted to a more pro-gun view on gun laws, with record-low support for bans on handguns, assault rifle bans, and stricter gun laws in general. This remains true even as high-profile incidents of gun violence continue across the United States. The reasons for this ideological shift do not appear to be reactions to the crime situation, and are probably rather related to a widespread acceptance of guns by the  American public. It is widely believed that having the right to bear arms contributes to higher security. By enabling a great number of people to carry weapons, the society as a whole will not benefit from greater security. Moreover, it will become more unstable. The control of the weapons must be toughened and the right to possess and bear them restricted. The cases of shootings on American campuses and in schools are numerous and an argument that stricter gun control laws should be enforced stands strong. With medical and background checks, people who want to possess a gun won’t be stopped. However, the chance that someone with a mental disorder will have access to arsenal gets lower. The U.S. has the highest rate of gun ownership and of gun homicide in the developed world, it can definitely be argued that the amount of guns present the homicide rate will also be reduced. In 2012, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton agreed with the U.N. to set a timetable for the regulation of the arms trade between the states. The United States joined 152 other countries in support of the Arms Trade Treaty Resolution, which establishes the dates for the 2012 UN conference intended to further regulate gun trade around the world. Many in the U.S. have seen this treaty as an introduction to domestic firearm control, even though this is wrong. In order to change the Second Amendment, a two-thirds majority in the Senate is required and at this point chances of changing that happening are slim. Throughout the world there are different regulations about gun ownership. Great Britain banned private ownership of guns in 1997; Australia also followed the same path. A 1999 Harvard School of Public Health study revealed that, Americans feel less safe as more people in their community begin to carry guns, and that 90% believe that regular citizens should be prohibited from bringing guns into most public places, including stadiums, restaurants, hospitals, college campuses, and places of worship. We should not have the illusion that the world can overnight become a safe place where guns are not needed. These are dark times for those who demand sane regulation of gun ownership. The courts come and go. Public opinion and political power, like the common law, changes and evolves. Guns must not be accessible to all and they must be restricted. By restricting the gun availability, the possibility for situations like the Newtown massacre would be dramatically lowered. Even if we assume that one day a tyrannical government may come to power, under the current circumstances, with the U.S.  government in possession of tanks, airplanes and drones, one can argue that the light weapons held by the citizens would not be enough. The argument of the founding fathers therefore becomes obsolete and the amendment must be changed to ensure the greater safety of American citizens. The Second Amendment Eleven years later, after the war for independence had been won, our Founders assembled once again to draw up a plan for governing the new nation. That plan would be ratified two years later as the Constitution of the United States of America. To understand the true meaning of the Second Amendment, it is important to understand the men who wrote and ratified it, and the issues they faced in creating the Constitution. During the debate over the ratification of the Constitution, there was significant concern that a  strong federal government would trample on the individual rights of citizensas had happened under British rule. To protect the basic rights of Americansrights which each person possesses and that are guaranteed, but not granted, by any governmentthe framers added the first ten amendments to the Constitution as a package. Those amendments have come to be known as the Bill of Rights. They represent the fundamental freedoms that are at the heart of our society, including fre edom of speech, freedom of religion and the right of the people to keep and bear arms. The History of Our Rights The British people did not have a written constitution as we have in the United States. However, they did have a tradition of protecting individual rights from government. Those rights were set forth in a number of documents, including the Magna Carta and the English Declaration of Rights. The Founders who wrote the Bill of Rights drew many of their ideas from the traditions of English common law, which is the body of legal tradition and court decisions that acted as an unwritten constitution and as a balance to the power of English kings. The Founders believed in the basic rights of men as described in written legal documents and in unwritten legal traditions. One of these was the right of the common people to bear arms, which was specifically recognized in the English Declaration of Rights of 1689. However, the Founders also recognized that without a blueprint for what powers government could exercise, the rights of the people would always be subject to being violated. The Constitution, and particularly the Bill of Rights, was created to specifically describe the powers of government and the rights of individuals government was not allowed to infringe. 1. Does the Second Amendment Describe An Individual Right? Some people claim that there is no individual right to own firearms. However, anyone familiar with the principles upon which this country was founded will recognize this claim`s most glaring flaw: in America, rightsby definitionbelong to individuals. The Founding Fathers created the Bill of Rights to protect the rights of individuals. The freedoms of religion, speech, association, and the rest all refer to individual liberties. The Second Amendment right to keep and bear  arms is no different. When the first Congress penned the Second Amendment in 1789, it took the wording, with some style changes, from a list of rights introduced by James Madison of Virginia. Congressman Madison had promised the Virginia ratifying convention that he would sponsor a Bill of Rights if the Constitution were ratified. The amendments he wrote would not change anything in the original Constitution. Madison repeatedly insisted that nothing in the original Constitution empowered the federal government to infringe on the rights of the people, specifically including the right of individuals to have guns. In constructing the Bill of Rights, Madison followed the recommendations of the state ratifying conventions. Though they ratified the Constitution, several of those conventions had recommended adding provisions about specific rights. Five conventions recommended adding a right to arms; by comparison, only three conventions mentioned free speech. Members of Congress had no doubt as to the amendment`s meaning. They and their contemporaries were firearm owners, hunters and in some cases gun collectors (George Washington and Thomas Jefferson exchanged letters about their collections). They had just finished winning their freedoms with gun in hand, and would, in their next session, pass legislation requiring most male citizens to buy and own at least one firearm and 30 rounds of ammunition. The only reason there is a controversy about the Second Amendment is that on this subject many highly vocal and influential 21st Century Americans reject what seemed elementary common senseand basic principleto our Founding Fathers. The words of the founders make clear they believed the individual right to own firearms was very important: Thomas Jefferson said, No free man shall be debarred the use of arms. Patrick Henry said, The great object is, that every man be armed. Richard Henry Lee wrote that, to preserve liberty it is essential that the whole body of people always possess arms. Thomas Paine noted, [A]rms . . . discourage and keep the invader and the  plunderer in awe, and preserve order in the world as well as property. Samuel Adams warned that: The said Constitution be never construed to authorize Congress to infringe the just liberty of the press, or the rights of conscience; or to prevent the people of the United States, who are peaceable citizens, from keeping their own arms. The Constitution and Bill of Rights repeatedly refer to the rights of the people and to the powers of government. The Supreme Court has recognized that the phrase the people, which is used in numerous parts of the Constitution, including the Preamble, the Second, Fourth, Ninth and Tenth Amendments, refers to people as individuals. In each case, rights belonging to the people are without question the rights of individuals. Dozens of essays have been written by the nation`s foremost authorities on the Constitution, supporting the traditional understanding of the right to arms as an individual right, protected by the Second Amendment. 2. Isn`t the well regulated militia the National Guard? Gun control supporters insist that the right of the people really means the right of the state to maintain the militia, and that this militia is the National Guard. This is not only inconsistent with the statements of America`s Founders and the concept of individual rights, it also wrongly defines the term militia. Centuries before the Second Amendment was drafted, European political writers used the term well regulated militia to refer to all the people, armed with their own firearms or swords, bows or spears, led by officers they chose. America`s Founders defined the militia the same way. Richard Henry Lee wrote, A militia when properly formed are in fact the people themselves . . . and include all men capable of bearing arms. . . . Making the same point, Tench Coxe wrote that the militia are in fact the effective part of the people at large. George Mason asked, [W]ho are the militia? They consist now of the  whole people, except a few public officers. The Militia Act of 1792, adopted the year after the Second Amendment was ratified, declared that the Militia of the United States (members of the militia who had to serve if called upon by the government) included all able-bodied adult males. The National Guard was not established until 1903. In 1920 it was designated one part of the Militia of the United States. The other part included other able-bodied adult men, plus some other men and women. However, in 1990, the Supreme Court held that the federal government possesses complete power over the National Guard. The Guard is the third part of the United States Army, along with the regular Army and Army Reserve. The Framers` independent well regulated militia remains as they intended, America`s armed citizenry. 3. Have the Courts or Congress ever studied the meaning of the Second Amendment? On June 26, 2008, the Supreme Court issued its decision in the case of District of Columbia v. Heller. In a 5-4 decision, the Court upheld the ruling of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit that the Second Amendment protects a right to possess firearms for individuals, and not just a right to have them as part of a militia or the National Guard. The Court also held that the Second Amendment is not meant to protect a â€Å"state’s right† to maintain a militia or National Guard. The decision struck down the District’s bans on handguns and on having any gun in usable condition as violations of the Second Amendment, and prohibited the District from denying a person a permit to carry a firearm within his home on without cause. Highlights of the majority opinion, written by Justice Antonin Scalia and joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and Justices Samuel Alito, Anthony Kennedy, and Clarence Thomas, can be found here: /Issues/FactSheets/Read.aspx?id=235issue=010. The Court ruled that â€Å"[T]he operative clause [of the Second Amendment] codifies a ‘right of the people.† And went on to explain: â€Å"In all six other provisions of the Constitution that mention ‘the people,’ the term unambiguously refers to all members of the political community, not an unspecified subset. . . .’† Put plainly, the Heller decision says that the Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess firearms for legal purposes, including for sporting use and for self-defense. In coming to this conclusion, the courts examined the meaning of the words in the Second Amendment, including the meaning of â€Å"arms† the phrase â€Å"to bear arms† and to â€Å"keep â€Å" arms. The court also carefully considered the meaning of â€Å"militia† and the relationship between the militia and the â€Å"right to keep and bear arms.† In the majority opinion, the court clearly rejected the idea of a â€Å"collective or group right, that is, a right held by the states. The court found that the Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess firearms. The full impact of the Heller decision is still not known. States and cities with restrictive gun laws are now facing challenges to their specific laws and future court cases will continue to define the how the Second Amendment protects individual rights and what types of gun laws will be allowed. Before the Heller decision, the most thorough examination of the Second Amendment and related issues ever undertaken by a court is the 2001 decision of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in U.S. v. Emerson. In Emerson, the Appeals court devoted dozens of pages of its decision to studying the Second Amendment’s history and text. It began by examining the Supreme Court’s decision in U.S. v. Miller (1939), which individual rights opponents claim supports the notion of the Second Amendment protecting only a â€Å"collective right† of a state to maintain a militia. The Fifth Circuit disagreed. â€Å"We conclude that Miller does not support the collective rights or sophisticated collective rights approach to the Second Amendment.† The court then turned to the history and text of the Second Amendment. â€Å"There is no evidence in the text of the Second Amendment, or any other part of the Constitution, that the words ‘the people’ have a different connotation within the Second Amendment than when employed elsewhere in the Constitution. In fact, the text of the Constitution, as a whole, strongly suggests that the words ‘the people’ have precisely the same meaning within the Second Amendment as without. And as used throughout the Constitution, ‘the people’ have ‘rights’ and ‘powers,’ but federal and state governments only have ‘powers’ or ‘authority’, never ‘rights.’† The court concluded, â€Å"We have found no historical evidence that the Second Amendment was intended to convey militia power to the states, limit the federal government’s power to maintain a standing army, or applies only to members of a select militia while on active duty. All of the evidence indicates that the Second Amendment, like other parts of the Bill of Rights, applies to and protects individual Americans. We find that the history of the Second Amendment reinforces the plain meaning of its text, namely that it protects individual Americans in their right to keep and bear arms whether or not they are a member of a select militia or performing active military service or training.† Four times in American history, Congress has enacted legislation declaring its clear understanding of the Second Amendment`s meaning. Congress has never given any support for the newly minted argument that the amendment fails to protect any right of the people, and instead ensures a â€Å"collective right† of states to maintain militias. In 1866, 1941, 1986, and 2005, Congress passed laws to reaffirm this guarantee of personal freedom and to adopt specific safeguards to enforce it. The Freedmen’s Bureau Act of 1866 was enacted to protect the rights of freed slaves to keep and bear arms following the Civil War and at the outset of the chaotic Reconstruction period. The act declared protection for the â€Å"full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings concerning personal liberty, personal security, and . . . estate . . . including the constitutional right to bear arms. . . .† The Property Requisition Act of 1941 was intended to reassure Americans that preparations for war would not include repressive or tyrannical policies against firearms owners. It was passed shortly before the sneak attack on Pearl Harbor, which led the United States into World War II. The act declared that it would not â€Å"authorize the requisitioning or require the registration of any firearms possessed by any individual for his personal protection or sport,† or â€Å"to impair or infringe in any manner the right of any individual to keep and bear arms. . . .† The two more recent laws sought to reverse excesses involving America’s legal system. In the Firearms Owners’ Protection Act of 1986, Congress reacted to overzealous enforcement policies under the federal firearms law: The Congress finds that the rights of citizens to keep and bear arms under the second amendment to the United States Constitution; to security against illegal and unreasonable searches and seizures under the fourth amendment; against uncompensated taking of property, double jeopardy, and assurance of due process of law under the fifth amendment; and against unconstitutional exercise of authority under the ninth and tenth amendments; require additional legislation to correct existing firearms statutes and enforcement policies. . . . And in 2005, as a result of lawsuits aiming to destroy America’s firearms industry, Congress passed the Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act to end this threat to the Second Amendment. The act begins with findings that go to the heart of the matter: Congress finds the following: (1) The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. (2) The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the rights of individuals, including those who are not members of a militia or engaged in military service or training, to keep and bear arms. 4. What are gun control laws? Gun control is the popular name for laws that regulate, limit or prohibit the purchase and possession of firearms. Gun control laws are usually  proposed on the grounds they will stop the criminal misuse of firearms, but they are almost never actually targeted at criminals. Supporters of gun control most commonly call for laws that restrict law-abiding people, the only ones who will obey them. Laws prohibiting the possession of a firearm are unlikely to stop a person willing to commit robbery, assault or murder. On the other hand, honest citizens who respect the law will submit to the gun control laws, even if the laws do not make them safer.

Water Conservation Essay Example for Free

Water Conservation Essay United States postal stamp advocating water conservation. Water conservation encompasses the policies, strategies and activities to manage fresh water as a sustainable resource, to protect the water environment, and to meet current and future human demand. Population, household size and growth and affluence all affect how much water is used. Factors such as climate change will increase pressures on natural water resources especially in manufacturing and agricultural irrigation.[1] The goals of water conservation efforts include: To ensure availability for future generations, the withdrawal of fresh water from an ecosystem should not exceed its natural replacement rate. Energy conservation. Water pumping, delivery and waste water treatment facilities consume a significant amount of energy. In some regions of the world over 15% of total electricity consumption is devoted to water management. Habitat conservation. Minimizing human water use helps to preserve fresh water habitats for local wildlife and migrating waterfowl, as well as reducing the need to build newdams and other water diversion infrastructures. Contents [hide] 1 Strategies 2 Social solutions 3 Household applications 4 Commercial applications 5 Agricultural applications 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Strategies[edit] In implementing water conservation principles there are a number of key activities that may be beneficial. 1. Any beneficial reduction in water loss, use and waste of resources. 2. Avoiding any damage to water quality. 3. Improving water management practices that reduce or enhance the beneficial use of water.[2][3] Social solutions[edit] Drip irrigation system in New Mexico Water conservation programs involved in social solutions are typically initiated at the local level, by either municipal water utilities or regional governments. Common strategies include public outreach campaigns,[4] tiered water rates (charging progressively higher prices as water use increases), or restrictions on outdoor water use such as lawn watering and car washing.[5] Cities in dry climates often require or encourage the installation of xeriscaping or natural landscaping in new homes to reduce outdoor water usage.[6] One fundamental conservation goal is universal metering. The prevalence of residential water metering varies significantly worldwide. Recent studies have estimated that water supplies are metered in less than 30% of UK households,[7] and about 61% of urban Canadian homes (as of 2001).[8] Although individual water meters have often been considered impractical in homes with private wells or in multifamily buildings, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates that metering alone can reduce consumption by 20 to 40 percent.[9] In addition to raising consumer awareness of their water use, metering is also an important way to identify and localize water leakage. Water metering would benefit society in the long run it is proven that water metering increases the efficiency of the entire water system, as well as help unnecessary expenses for individuals for years to come. One would be unable to waste water unless they are willing to pay the extra charges, this way the water department would be able to monitor water usage by public, domestic and manufacturing services. Some researchers have suggested that water conservation efforts should be primarily directed at farmers, in light of the fact that crop irrigation accounts for 70% of the worlds fresh water use.[10] The agricultural sector of most countries is important both economically and politically, and water subsidies are common. Conservation advocates have urged removal of all subsidies to force farmers to grow more water-efficient crops and adopt less wasteful irrigation techniques. New technology poses a few new options for consumers, features such and full flush and half flush when using a toilet are trying to make a difference in  water consumption and waste. Also available in our modern world is shower heads that help reduce wasting water, old shower heads are said to use 5-10 gallons per minute. All new fixtures available are said to use 2.5 gallons per minute and offer equal water coverage. Household applications[edit] The Home Water Works website contains useful information on household water conservation.[11] Contrary to popular view, experts suggest the most efficient way is replacing toilets and retrofitting washers.[12] Water-saving technology for the home includes: 1. Low-flow shower heads sometimes called energy-efficient shower heads as they also use less energy 2. Low-flush toilets and composting toilets. These have a dramatic impact in the developed world, as conventional Western toilets use large volumes of water 3. Dual flush toilets created by C aroma includes two buttons or handles to flush different levels of water. Dual flush toilets use up to 67% less water than conventional toilets 4. Faucet aerators, which break water flow into fine droplets to maintain wetting effectiveness while using less water. An additional benefit is that they reduce splashing while washing hands and dishes 5. Raw water flushing where toilets use sea water or non-purified water 6. Waste water reuse or recycling systems, allowing: Reuse of graywater for flushing toilets or watering gardens Recycling of wastewater through purification at a water treatment plant. See also Wastewater Reuse 7. Rainwater harvesting 8. High-efficiency clothes washers 9. Weather-based irrigation controllers 10. Garden hose nozzles that shut off water when it is not being used, instead of letting a hose run. 11. Low flow taps in wash basins 12. Swimming pool covers that reduce evaporation and can warm pool water to reduce water, energy and chemical costs. 13. Automatic faucet is a water conservation faucet that eliminates water waste at the faucet. It automates the use of faucets without the use of hands. Commercial applications[edit] Many water-saving devices (such as low-flush toilets) that are useful in homes can also be useful for business water saving. Other water-saving technology for businesses includes: Waterless urinals Waterless car washes Infrared or foot-operated taps, which can save water by using short bursts of water for rinsing in a kitchen or bathroom Pressurized waterbrooms, which can be used instead of a hose to clean sidewalks X-ray film processor re-circulation systems Cooling tower conductivity controllers Water-saving steam sterilizers, for use in hospitals and health care facilities Rain water harvesting Water to Water heat exchangers. Agricultural applications[edit] Overhead irrigation, center pivotdesign For crop irrigation, optimal water efficiency means minimizing losses due to evaporation, runoff or subsurface drainage while maximizing production. An evaporation pan in combination with specific crop correction factors can be used to determine how much water is needed to satisfy plant requirements. Flood irrigation, the oldest and most common type, is often very uneven in distribution, as parts of a field may receive excess water in order to deliver sufficient quantities to other parts. Overhead irrigation, using center-pivot or lateral-moving sprinklers, has the potential for a much more equal and controlled distribution pattern. Drip irrigation is the most expensive and least-used type, but offers the ability to deliver water to plant roots with minimal losses. However, drip irrigation is increasingly affordable, especially for the home gardener and in light of rising water rates. There are also cheap effective methods similar to drip irrigation such as the use of soaking hoses that can even be submerged in the growing medium to eliminate evaporation. As changing irrigation systems can be a costly undertaking, conservation efforts often concentrate on maximizing the efficiency of the existing system. This may include chiseling compacted soils, creating furrow dikes to prevent runoff, and using soil moisture and rainfall sensors to optimize irrigation schedules.[9] Usually large gains in  efficiency are possible through measurement and more effective management of the existing irrigation system. The 2011 UNEP Green Economy Report notes that [i]mproved soil organic matter from the use of green manures, mulching, and recycling of crop residues and animal manure increases the water holding capacity of soils and their ability to absorb water during torrential rains, [13] which is a way to optimize the use of rainfall and irrigation during dry periods in the season.

Environment Pollution Caused By Construction Activities Environmental Sciences Essay

Environment Pollution Caused By Construction Activities Environmental Sciences Essay This chapter present the brief information and effects of the environmental issues happened in the Malaysian Construction Sites. This is a literature chapter review on the environmental pollution happened which caused by the construction activities in Malaysia. For example, air pollution, water pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, wastage problem, ground movements and etc. 2.2 Environment Pollution Caused by Construction Activities According to Krishnan Ganesh (2005) describe that the pollution consists of any change of the environment in physical, chemical or biological characteristics which might be endanger the human life and other life being. Besides, pollution might occurred in increasing of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other green house gases conversely decreasing in stratospheric ozone on global scale enhanced the global environmental pollution to air, water and land resources, biological diversity and human health. Based on Jennifer Gray (2010), the construction industry is a major source of pollution compound around 4% of particulate emissions, higher occurrences of water pollution incidents than any other industry and frequent complains of noise every year. However, the main areas of concern are including air, water, noise and soil pollution. Meanwhile, Zhen et al (2006) stated the dirt, harmful gases, noises, blazing lights, solid and liquid wastes, ground movements, messy, fallen item, and etc that hazards from construction site are the sources of pollution. It would also interrupt the residents near the area furthermore influence their health quality and well-being of people in the whole city. In short, construction industry at site has full of danger, difficult and dirty or even death syndrome which are to be encountered and control under certain rules regulations. However, these rules regulation of environmental protection can be imposed by the local statutory, government, and any other independent institutions. 2.2.1 Air Pollution Nancy J. Sell (1945) notes the definition of air pollution is an addition to our atmosphere of any materials having a damaging effect on life and environment. Normally are carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxides (NO), sulphur oxides (SO) and various hydrocarbons and particulates which are small particles consists of solids. The construction activities such as land clearing, operation of diesel engines, demolition, burning and working with toxic materials will contribute to air pollution. All construction activities produce high level of dust which can effects large distance over long time (Jennifer Gray, 2010). In addition, Jennifer (2010) also stated that diesel is the most critical emissions of a lot of toxic gases. Air pollution occur when the noxious vapours and other hazardous chemicals that are widely used on construction sites. The human health will be affected same as to the animal by the various types of pollutants. Most of the time, animal death can be happened by air pollutant as long it goes into the animal food sources. Damage on plant might be visible or which affect the growth, productivity and life will possess of the plants will be damaged (Nancy J. Sell, 1945). At last, the air pollution is directly linked to the human and other wild life being. This is because the poisonous air particular will damaging the respiratory systems of every living organism. Other serious diseases will also happen due to the insufficient inhaled of clean air and excessive inhaled of hazard oxygen. Therefore, the air quality is required to be controlled on construction sites moreover off the sites. 2.2.2 Water Pollution Diesel and oil, paint, solvents, cleaners and other harmful chemicals; and construction debris and dirt can be direct sources causing of water pollution. Soil erosion cause silt-bearing run-off and sediment pollution when the land is cleared. Silt and soil that run into natural waterways turn them turbid and restrict sunlight filtration and devastate aquatic life. In addition, other pollutants such as diesel and oil, toxic chemicals, and building materials from the site will be carried by the run-off of surface water. This happened to poison the water life when these substances get into waterways and any animal intake it. The source of human drinking water can be contaminated when the pollutants on construction sites soak into the groundwater which makes it much more difficult to purify than the surface water (Jennifer Gray, 2010). Based on Chiew Mynn, Jason and Joanthan (1997) shown that an example which the construction of a new golf course near the waterfall at Frasers Hill, Pahang tourism attraction. The forest nearby has been cleared, no roots to hold on to the surrounding soil and erode when the rains come. Silt and sand that comes from the construction become extremely murky and dirty as the soils run into the waterfall. Consequently, the overwhelming of construction activities surround the waterfall has lost its attraction. In short, water pollution can be affecting the health and safety of human and other wild life being gradually by intake the poisoned water sources which could not be purify completely. However, it might also cause massive damage to the building structures through the hidden running off of soil and water gradually under the foundation. Serious soil sedimentation and erosion will happen if excessive deforestation and development without proper plantation on the construction sites. Hence, the water pollution must be preventing effectively in order to provide safe and health living of building environmental. 2.2.3 Noise Pollution Noise is an increasingly omnipresent, yet underestimated, form of pollution. Long periods of exposure to relatively low levels of noise can have adverse effects on human health, such as raised blood pressure, hypertension, disrupted sleep and cognitive development in children (Kiernan, 1997), diminished working memory span, and psychiatric disorders (Bond, 1996). The vehicles, heavy equipment and machinery on construction sites create a lot of noise. Excessive noise is annoying and distracting, possible to cause loss in hearing, high blood pressure, sleep disturbance and extreme stress. Research has proven that high noise levels disturb the natural life cycles and usable habitat of animals (Jennifer Gray, 2010). As Choong Mek Zhin (2010) notes in his articles, Construction work going on at night in Kuala Lumpur and Petaling Jaya is causing many residents to lose sleep and suffer from stress due to the constant noise from the project sites. The construction works are proceeding although on public holidays. There are various noise sources on the construction sites and which reveal various types of noise which need to be managed such as background noise, idling noise, blast noise, impact noise, rotating noise, intermittent noise, howling, screeches and squeals (Lisa M. Sabitoni, 1996). Therefore, heavy noise pollution can cause mental problem of the human. This could bring a wide linkage of damages to the residential area nearby the construction sites if the noise levels are not well managed. Table below shows the noise construction activities schedule for noise limitation. Table: Typical noisy construction activities against the permissible noise limits (Khairul Sani B Samsudin, 2007) Type of Works 7am-7pm 7pm-10pm 10pm-7am Very Noisy Works e.g. piling, blasting, demolition, concreting works, use of percussion tools e.g. pneumatic hammers, etc Yes No No Moderately Noisy Works e.g. erection/dismantling of formwork, tying/fixing of steel bars, operation of cranes, loading/unloading of construction materials, etc Yes Yes No Quiet Works e.g. housekeeping, bricklaying, plastering, painting, etc Yes Yes Yes 2.2.4 Wastage Problem Waste produced by industrial operations has to be concerned as waste levels point out the appreciation of utilize of environment natural resources while the environmental issue is in concern globally. Construction industry has contributes a major waste to the overall waste volume among other industry operations annually for majority of the country. Most of the party involved in the operation do not alert of that construction waste can happen at every stage of the activities. During the stage on construction site, most of the resources are being used, therefore the major waste level are low which it can be observed for initial stage (Teoh Su Ping et al, 2009). As Ekanayake Ofori (2000) said, Construction waste can be divided into three major categories which are material, labour and machinery waste. However, material wastage is of more concern as more of the raw materials from which construction inputs are derived come from non-renewable resources. In short, waste management stands critical step to mitigate the pollution to the environment as the construction industry has contributes a major waste to the overall waste levels among the other industry operation. This is because every construction project is unique and heterogeneous which it undergoes with many various materials, methods, machinery under such long in durations. In addition, these construction wastes can cause an excessive amount of wastages which most of the inputs are produced from non-renewable resources such as timbers, steel bars, cement and sand, clay bricks, marble and gravel tiles and etc natural resources. Therefore, waste management must be operated in order to minimize the massive wastages problems and pollute the environment. 2.3 Summary Construction industry is full of challenges among the other production industry. This is because any of the pollution such as air, water, noise, waste problems and etc can be happened in the construction sites if improper protection and prevention during every single stage of the construction. Therefore, these require lots of effort in managing the conditions of the construction sites under a long period of construction time. However, some certified Environmental Management System (EMS) with valuable process and procedure is useful in the protection of environmental quality. For example, international certified ISO 14001:2004 as an EMS. Chapter 3 Concept and Principles of ISO 14001 as Environmental Management System (EMS) 3.1 Introduction This chapter is to present the concept and principles of the ISO 14001 as an EMS in Malaysian Construction Organizations. The important information including the introduction, concepts, benefits, methods, issues, challenges of processes and procedures in terms of implementing the ISO 14001 as an EMS. 3.2 Concept of ISO 14001 ISO 14001 was first published in 1996 and specified with actual requirement for an Environmental Management System (EMS). It applies to those environmental aspects which the organisation has control and over which it can be expected to have an influence. ISO 14001 is often seen as the corner stone standard of the ISO 14000 series. However, it is not only the most well known, but is the only ISO 14000 standard against which it is currently possible to be certified by an external certification authority. Having stated this, it does not itself state specific environmental performance criteria. This standard is applicable to any organization that wishes to Implement, maintain and improve an environmental management system Assure itself of its conformance with its own stated environmental policy (those policy commitments of course must be made) Demonstrate conformance Ensure compliance with environmental laws and regulations Seek certification of its environmental management system by an external third party organization Make a self-determination of conformance (ISO 14000/ ISO 14001 Environmental Management Guide, 1996) 3.3 Implementation Process of EMS based on ISO 14001 According to Sarkis (1998), who has listed down the five important steps which showing the successful implementation process of Environmental Management Systems (EMSs) based on ISO 14001. The five important steps are shown as below: Environmental policy: Firms must capture in a written document their intentions and principles in relation to their environmental behaviour. This statement must show firms commitment to comply with environmental legislation, to prevent pollution and also to potentially improve their environmental performance. It also must be accessible for the public. Planning: Firms have to identify controllable environmental aspects and determine which ones have significant environmental impacts. These are the ones that firms should attend first. Then firms have to determine the legal dimensions of these impacts (which will depend on the sector, the geographical situationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) and, based on this information, they have to establish objectives and targets as well as the EMS to achieve them. Implementation and operation: it means the allocation of human, financial and physical resources for these issues. Managers have to assign the environmental responsibilities, provide the suitable training to employees and also establish the internal and external communication channels in order to spread the environmental commitment among all the members in the organization and the stakeholders. Checking and corrective action: It includes the measurement of environmental performance, the identification of deviations by comparing targets and results and the application of corrective actions when necessary. In order to be able to carry out these activities, firms must keep environmental records and have periodical auditing of the EMSs. Management review: In order to guarantee the effectiveness and continuous improvement of the EMSs, managers have to review and get a feedback of all the policies, objectives and procedures. (Sarkis, J., 1998) At first, the organisations must comply with the environmental policies to prevent the environmental issues furthermore to improve their environmental performance. Then, the planning on controllable environmental aspects and impacts must be made in order to set up objectives and targets to be achieved by the organisations. Subsequently, experienced personnel have to apply the environmental management systems and ensure the environmental commitment has reached to every member in the organization as well as the stakeholders. Consequently, checking and corrective action must be taken which consists of environmental performance measures, comparison on divergence findings and rectifies actions. It would also required scheduled environmental records and periodical auditing of the EMS. Lastly, the management review step enables the managers to reassess and collect feedback related to the effectiveness and necessary improvement required on the policies, objectives and procedures. In short, a good EMS consists of not only the general five important steps of implementation processes but also required good integration of communication and coordination channels in between the executive personnel, managers, staffs, labours and other stakeholders. This could be the most critical point which might directly influence the effectiveness and efficiency of EMS in the entire organisations. 3.4 Benefit of Implementing ISO 14001 in Construction Organizations According to Blackmores (2008) noted, there are three (3) main categories of benefits which are financial, operational or internal and external ranges as shown below: Financial Cost savings by minimise the waste and use of natural resources such as electricity, water, gas and fuels efficiently. Identify the environmental risks and addressing the weaknesses. Helps the organisation to prevent the fines and penalties by fit to meet the environmental legislation, Indicating better risk management to helps minimising the insurance costs. Operational/Internal Improve the performance and efficiency in general Constrict the production processes, minimise in the risk of incidents and produce better efficiency Eliminate unforeseen and consistency by controlling the disruption and waste Staffs responsibility are clarified clearly Internal communications and morale improved External Express as innovative and forward thinking approach Lead to better public perception of the organization and a competitive advantage, furthermore to improve sales opportunities Lead to better community awareness of the impact of the construction activities on the local residents such as noise, smell, dust, vibration, etc. Demonstrate commitment to the environment and provide confidence to the customers, trade partners, stakeholders, regulators and local authority In addition, the implementing of ISO 14001 gives a lot of benefits such as protection of the environment; reduced operating costs; increased access to markets; demonstrated compliance with regulations; improve environmental performance; improved customer trust and satisfaction enhanced corporate image and credibility; employee involvement and education; and potential impact on world trade to allow competition on an equal basis (George Ofori et al, 2000). 3.5 Environmental Management System (EMS) Do It Yourself (D.I.Y.) Schemes by CIDB EMS DIY Schemes is a part of the effective communication plan to be jointly executed by CIDB and Stakeholders, it was designed for given the significant importance of external accreditation which encouraging the construction companies to attain the ISO 14001:2004 certification. This scheme has two certifications which are ISO 14001 EMS Certificate and the CIDB EMS Certificate. However, there are 3 main objectives which to be achieved by the CIDB as listed below: Provide formal recognition of certified contractors on commitment to excellence environmental management Convenient the employers of the contractors such as JKR, housing developers and local authorities to select certified contractors, who have practicing commitment to excellence environmental management Provide CIDB with an index for monitoring and reporting the general environmental management awareness and practice of Malaysian contractors, as reflected in the annual number of contractors certified to the two EMS certification schemes. The overall aim of these schemes is to subsidise the Malaysian contractors with a cost-effective program in order to improve their performance up to a standardised level as well as in developed countries. Meanwhile, it also helps to assist the contractors to upgrade their environmental management performance throughout the EMS certification programs. At first, the contractor has to attend the EMS Awareness Program which consists of 3 module, such as Module AP1, AP2 and AP3 in order to choose whether CIDB EMS Certification Program or ISO 14001 EMS Certification Program. This allow the contractor to understand regarding Why, How and Benefits or Implementing Systematic Environmental Management before selecting either one of the EMS Programs by CIDB. Besides, an EMS Awareness Training Certificate will be issued by the CIDB to the participant after the completion of 3 training modules in the EMS Awareness Program. After that, it is a condition precedent to carry on either one of the two EMS D.I.Y. Programs by CIDB and 3 months will be given the participants to decide after completion of EMS Awareness Program. The following table shows the EMS Awareness Program. Table: Environmental Management System Awareness Program (CIDB, 2007) Phase Period Milestones Activities Action by Man-day Support Environmental Awareness and Education 2 Months Training Module AP1 Environmental Issues Malaysia Environmental Policy Introduction to CIDB- D.I.Y Scheme. Introduction to Global Environmental Problems and Management Issues. Introduction to Malaysian environmental management policies Consultant 1 Training Module AP2 Introduction to ISO 14001 EMS Introduction to ISO 14001:2004 EMS Standard and the Requirements. Strategic EMS Implementation Plan. Consultant 1 Training Module AP3 Malaysia Environmental Legal Regulatory Requirements Awareness of the current environmental legal and regulatory requirements in the Malaysian construction industry To identify legal and other requirements and develop appropriate Legal Register Consultant 1 Total Man-day 3 3.5.1 CIDB EMS Certificate D.I.Y. Program CIDB EMS Certification Program is an EMS Program under CIDB EMS DIY Scheme which takes 6 months from Phase 1 to 4 as shown in the table below. However, the participant must undergo the EMS Awareness Program before undertake this program and it only allows the CIDB registered contractors from Class G1-G6. Conversely, Class G7 contractors are only permitted to participant for ISO 14001 EMS Certification. There are some conditions in implementation of the EMS required such as, the first year shall be for one on-going project, second year shall be for three on-going projects, third and subsequent year shall be for all projects. Meanwhile, the name of all projects involved in the implementation of EMS shall be included in the CIDB EMS certificate and annual renewal of the certificate is depend on the compliance satisfaction with the annual EMS audit requirements. The action plan of the CIDB EMS Certification Program is shown as below: Table: CIDB EMS Certification Program Processes (CIDB, 2007) Phase Period Milestones Activities Action by Man-day Support EMS Planning Documentation 2 Months Training Module CP1 EMS Plan Training to Introduce the EMS Plan (Content and Implementation Steps). Development of the EMS Plan. Consultant 2 Contractor Activity Prepare EMS Plan Contractors to prepare the EMS Plan Submit to Consultants for evaluation. Contractor Evaluation of EMS Plan 0.5 Month Module CP2 On-site Evaluation of the EMS Plan On-Site review the EMS Plan interview key staffs. Identify the EMS Implementation Project (minimum 1 construction project). Suggest improvements. Contractor 1 Contractor Activity Take Corrective Action Based on evaluation findings, contractor takes appropriate corrective action and amends the necessary documentation. Contractor Implementation of EMS Plan 2.5 Months Contractor Activity Implementing the EMS Plan Contractor implements the EMS Plan (Office and minimum 1 construction project). Contractor Module CP3/CP4/CP5 Consultancy Support on the EMS Plan Implementation Consultant will visit the contractor monthly to provide on-site implementation advices and supports. Consultant 3 CIDB Audit 1 Month Module CP6 CIDB EMS Certification Audit CIDB Appointed Auditor performs the EMS Certification Audit. CIDB Appointed Auditor 1 Contractor Activity Take Corrective Action Take corrective actions to close out the non-conformance found in the Audit. Submit corrective action plan to Auditor. Contractor Award Award of CIDB EMS Certification Certification Award after review of the corrective action plan. TOTAL MAN-DAYS 7 DAYS Registration Fee and Payment The table below states the overall registration fees to be paid. The payments are separated into 2 stages upon the start of the respective phases. Meanwhile, the registration fees need to be paid upon the Stage 1 (EMS Awareness Program). However, these payments are excluded the accommodation and travel fees of the participants. Table: CIDB EMS Certificate D.I.Y. Program Fee and Payment (CIDB, 2007) CIDB EMS Certificate D.I.Y. Program Total Fee: RM 8,500.00 Payment in 2 Stages Phases Main-Days Payment by Contractors Environmental Awareness Education 3 Stage 1 EMS Planning and Documentation Evaluation of EMS Plan 3 Stage 2 Implementation of EMS Plan CIDB Audit 3 1 It also covers the following: Award of CIDB EMS Certificate 3.5.2 ISO 14001 EMS Certificate D.I.Y. Program ISO 14001 EMS Certification Program under CIDB EMS DIY Scheme is an EMS Program by CIDB. It takes 10 months to complete from Phase 1 to 6 and it is open to every contractors. Table below shows the ISO 14001 EMS Certification Processes. Table: ISO 14001 Environmental Management System (EMS) Certification Program Phase Period Milestones Activities Action by Man-day Support EMS Appreciation 0.5 Months Training Module IP1 ISO 14001 EMS briefing for Top Management Presentation to Top Management on the EMS Objectives, Benefits, Roles and Responsibilities. Consultant 0.5 EMS Planning 2.5 Months Training Module IP2 Environmental Policy, Aspects Significant Impacts Training on methods to identify and develop Environmental Aspects Impacts. Decide Criteria and Methodology for Determining Significant Impacts. Consultant 1.5 Contractor Activity Prepare Policy, Legal Environmental Aspects Register, Implementation Plan Contractor to prepare the Environmental Policy, Legal Registers and Environmental Aspects Impacts Register. Contractor to plan develop and implementation plan and milestones. Contractor Module IP3 On-site Review Consultation on Policy, Legal Aspects Register Assessment of current EMS status against ISO 14001:2004 other legal requirements. Review the Implementation Plan Approach for the EMS implementation Consultant 2 Training Module IP 4 Objectives, Targets, KPI EMP Introduction to importance and formulation in establishing the objectives, targets, Key Performance Indication (KPI) and Environmental Management Program (EMP). Consultant 1 Contractor Activity Prepare Objectives, Targets EMP Contractor to prepare the environmental Objectives, Targets, KPI and EMP. Contractor Module IP5 On-site Review Consultation on Objectives, Targets, KPI EMP Consultant to review and finalise the Objectives, Targets, KPI and EMP established. Consultant 1 Documentation EMS Implementation 1 2.5 Months Module IP6 Off-site Preparation of EMS Manual Procedures Guidelines Off-site Preparation of Guidelines for EMS Manual Procedures specific to the contractors organisation. Consultant 1 Training Module IP7 ISO 14001 EMS Documentation Implementation Introduce and develop the EMS documentation (Manual, Procedures) and implementation programme. Softcopies provided for the Environmental System operational procedures and forms. Consultant 1 Contractor Activity EMS Documentation Implementation Contractor to prepare EMS Manual Procedures based on Consultants guidelines information provided. The template formats provided on computer disk will be used. Initiate EMS Implementation Collect the initial data. Contractor Module IP8 On-site Review Finalise the EMS Manual Procedures On-site Review Consultation on EMS Manual Procedures. Amend the documents if necessary. Consultant 1 Stage 1 Audit Documentation Audit Third Party Certification Bodys Auditor conducts Documentation Audit. Certification Body Contractor Activity Take Corrective action Based on audit findings, contractor takes appropriate corrective action and amends the necessary documentation. Contractor Documentation EMS Implementation 2 1.5 Months Contractor Activity Continue EMS implementation Continue implementing the procedures and programmes as planned e.g. Records, monitoring data, training etc. as per tasks outlined. Contractor Module IP9 On-Site Consultation on Implementation Progress On-site Monitoring Consultation on Implementation of Procedures and EMP to ensure the implementation programmes are properly in place and utilised. Consultant to provide hands on guidance. Contractor 1 Checking Management Review 2 Months Training Module IP10 ISO 14001 EMS Internal Auditor Training Conduct ISO 14001 EMS Internal Auditor Training to provide skills and knowledge on how to conduct internal audit and becoming a competent internal auditor. Consultant 2 Contractor Activity Conduct Internal Audit Take Corrective Actions Contractor to conduct internal audit to identify gaps in the systems. Auditor to prepare internal audit report and issue corrective actions request if required. Responsible personnel to take appropriate corrective actions. Contractor Module IP11 On-site Monitoring Consultation on Internal Audit and Corrective actions taken To check and review EMS Implementation progress and provide hands on guidance. To close out the Corrective Action Requests. Consultant 1 Contractor Activity Conduct Management Review Conduct Management Review to communicate and review EMS performance improvements plans. Contractor Module IP12 On-site Consultation on EMS Implementation Site Readiness On-site Monitoring Consultation on Management Review and EMP. Check site condition. Consultant 1 Contractor Activity Finalise EMS and Ensure Site Readiness Contractor to finalise EMS and ensure Site Readiness. Contractor Pre-Assessment 1 Month Module IP13 On-site Pre-Assessment Perform Pre-certification assessment to determine the conformity of the EMS implementation. Identify improvement opportunities and present pre-assessment audit

Symbols and Symbolism - The Letter A in The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

Symbolism of the Scarlet Letter      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Authors sometimes use symbols in their novels to represent different objects, people or ideas.   One example is the S on Superman's uniform, which symbolizes him being supper.   In "The Scarlet Letter" Nathaniel Hawthorne creates the symbolism of the letter "A" to have different meanings.   As the novel unfolds, the meanings of the letter "A" on Hester Prynne's bosom changes, from adultery to able to angel.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the beginning of the novel, Hawthorne describes the letter "A" that lies on Hester's bosom as a symbol of adultery.   Hester is made to wear the letter "A" once the town's people see, that she committed adultery by bearing a child by some other soul than her husband Roger Chillingworth. Since she has worn this letter, she now has a label on her that she is sinful.   She is brought out in public to show everyone what is embroidered on her chest.   The narrator shares, "When the young women- the mother of this child-stood fully revealed before the crowd...On the breast of her gown, in fine red cloth surrounded with an elaborate embroidery and fantastic flourshes of gold thread..."(50-1).   Many people there to see her when she reveals the "A" on her chest.   Most of the town people are astonished and startled on her beauty still shone.   Even though the big red letter on her chest stood for adultery.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the novel progressed the meaning as the "A"" made a change for the better in Hester's life.   In chapters before of the novel the letter "A" on Hester's bosom had negative meaning, but this time Hawthorne turns the meaning around in the story to mean able.   Now that she has given many hours of time and service to the sick, poor and troubled she began to gain respect from some of the town's people who once looked down on her.   This time the author shares, "Such helpfulness was found in her-so much power to do and power to sympathize-that many people refused to interpret the scarlet "A" by it's original signification.   They said that it meant " Able"...(158).   Hester still held up her head and did not appear to be down.   She was trying to become herself again slowly.   Once again the letter on

Toni Morrison and bell hooks Represent Blacks in American Literature :: Biography Biographies Essays

Toni Morrison and bell hooks Represent Blacks in American Literature Two widely known and influential authors, bell hooks and Toni Morrison, share similar beliefs and themes with regards to the black community. One theme in particular that the two writers emphasize is the representation of blacks in American literature today. hooks feels that African Americans are misrepresented, where Morrison believes that blacks are not represented at all. hooks' evidence of this theme is portrayed primarily in the sexist and racist representations the characters exhibit. Overall, both authors feel that the negative portrayal of the black community needs to stop in order for a better understanding of our national literature. Toni Morrison believes that the literature in America has taken as its concern the white man as its character base. Morrison states, "American literature is free of, uniformed by, and unshaped by the four-hundred-year-old presence of the first Africans" (205). She believes the entire history of the African culture has had no important place in the present state of our culture's literature. The American literature evident today tends to depict the white males' views, genius, and power leaving out all concerns for the black race. Morrison is convinced that, "the contemplation of the black presence is central to any understanding of our national literature and should not be relegated to the margins of the literary imagination" (205-06). Morrison's quote stresses the importance of the representation of black presence in today's literature for a better national comprehension of this writing. Two primary reasons Morrison believes that blacks are left out are the writers themselves, and the silence that has historically ruled literature. She believes, "National literatures, like writers, get along as best they can and with what they can. Yet they do seem to end up describing and inscribing what is really on the national mind" (208). This is the interest in the white man. Writers produce, and companies publish what the public wants to read about. According to Morrison, this is not the black presence, rather views and interests in the white man. The other reason she believes blacks are left out are, "that in matters of race, silence and evasion have historically ruled literary discourse" (207).

Mammals as BioContol Essays -- Environment Farming Agriculture Essays

Mammals as BioContol Biological control is a method of decreasing the population of pests that compete with vegetation. There are different methods of bio-control. Farmers use parasites, diseases, and predators as forms of bio-control in their fields. Sheep, goats, bats, cats, and mice are among the different mammals used for pest control. Sheep are used to control leafy spurge on many rangelands, and bats for controlling insects. We will discuss the benefits and downfalls of sheep and goats controlling unwanted weeds, and how a study has been done to prove that bats have made a huge difference in the population of insects that harm agricultural crops. Sheep and goats have both been used to control leafy spurge. Leafy spurge is very unpalatable for most animals, and therefore is only consumed by sheep and goats. This weed produces a large amount of seeds and reproduces quickly. Since it is a noxious weed, and isn’t useful for the production of crops, this becomes a problem that needs to be controlled. Sheep and goats will graze leafy spurge to decrease the spread of the plant, but won’t completely rid the population. The seeds can live through the digestive process and return to the soil in the form of feces. Not all seeds returned to the ground will germinate, but some will. Sheep are more effective than goats only because the seeds can travel through the goat’s system faster. Since the seeds have the potential to germinate after they have been eaten, the sheep and goats should be kept from areas that are free of leafy spurge for about five days to ensure they won’t be spreading it. Studies have also shown that lambs are useful in minimizing... ...Burning on Aristida ramosa and Sheep Productivity in Northern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39 (1999): 685-698. Long, Rachel Freeman. "Bats for Insect Biocontrol in Agriculture." The IPM Practitioner XVIII.Number 9 (1996): 1-6 May, Holly L. "NCRS." Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Wildlife. April 2004. NRCS. 03 Apr. 2005 . Mendalled, Fabian D., Paul C. Marino, Karen A. Renner, and Douglas A. Landis. "Post-Dispersal Weed Seed Predation in Michigan Crop Fields as a Function of Agricultural Landscape Structure." Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 2002: 193-202. Williams, Shannon. Noxious Weed Grazing By Goats Demonstration Project. 2003. IMPACT University of Idaho. 03 Apr. 2005 .

Measuring Macro Concepts

Inflation refers to a rise in the general level of prices of the goods and services we purchase for a period of time, so it is important to determine the inflation rate of our economy in a timely basis. This is to determine what courses of action we should take, including demands for higher wages, increased prices, and more. The current inflation rate of the U.S. for the month of January is about 4.28%, and is projected to go down little by little in the following months (Foldvary).The inflation rate need not be a worry for us, but we should be aware about it. As of now, we are in a time of stable prices, but these prices may change depending on various situations, which could affect the inflation rate. It is important to determine expected inflation since it is an important basis of the economy’s future inflation. This is because if there is no definite value given for the inflation and the public expects a higher inflation, then it would lead to workers demanding higher wage s. This would in turn affect employers, forcing them to raise the prices of their goods, thus resulting to the higher actual inflation.The current unemployment rate for the country is 4.9% in January of 2008, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The unemployment rate doesn’t necessarily mean that it could lead to deflation. Rather, it’s the other way around. Deflation makes it possible that real wages are raised, making it difficult and costly for the management to lower. This would result to layoffs and the employers are reluctant to hire new workers, thus leaving many people unemployed.The current market structure that the country have can be classified as a natural rate of unemployment, wherein it falls under the lowest rate of unemployment that a stable economy is able to achieve, which ranges from 1% to 5%. This could be due to the non-accelerating inflation, wherein it stays at a certain level that is comparatively tolerable for the country. This structur e results to a non-moving or non-accelerating inflation, since it is relatively lower posing no real threat to the economy.The current Gross Domestic Product Growth Rate is 4.6%. This is after a .6% slump from last year’s 5.2%. This could be accounted to the decline of the US dollar, which didn’t help the exports situation. This is because of still higher prices of imports like oil, which offsets the higher exports in terms of dollars (Forecasts.org).According to Forecasts.org, the GDP will continue to slow down in the following months. It showed that both February and March of 2008 have 4.60% GDP growth rate. The months of April, May, and June have 4.50% GDP growth rate, while the month of July only has 4.20%. This continuous decline could be caused by unsettled economic problems and the continued weakening of the dollar (Forecasts.org).The distribution of wealth among each fifth of the families consistently show that the poorest group receive the least, while the ric hest fifth receive most of the total income, reaching more than 40% of the total. This has been the trend even before, wherein most of the rich people receive the greatest part of the income. The poorest receive the least, while those in between weren’t far from each other (Levy).This is not a fair type of distribution since the rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer. This has been the trend even before, the only difference is that there is an increase in each of the families’ income. This could be because of the increasing prices of commodities that they have to strive for better paying jobs.Works Cited:Foldvary, Fred E. â€Å"Inflation, Employment and Money†.   1997. February 24 2008.Forecasts.org. â€Å"U.S. Nominal Gdp Growth Forecast†.   2008. February 24 2008. .Levy, Frank. â€Å"Distribution of Income†.   1990. February 24 2008. .

Break Before University Essay

It goes without manifestation that people like having the things they dont extradite. Students always want to progress to a break later on a tenacious time they were very busy with studying, in particular in the beginning they come to universities a new-made environment with lots of challenging. Itll be not good for a student to have a year break before going to university because its really a waste of time, and they might forget their knowledge.Today, both(prenominal) of adults and children always try to find out hard. familiarity is unlimited we never have everything in our mind. We learn act by bit every day. If hotshot stops functional for angiotensin converting enzyme(a) day, one eventually loses his knowledge. For one year, people can learn a lot of knowledge and experience, and youll be worse than others.Secondly, if you have a break for one year, it willing take you more than one year to come back your work. In some case, the inertia is so considerable that one cant go back to school.Last but not least, one might forget your lessons comfortably when one doesnt practice. When one comes to a university, onell continue learning your class in high school in a different way. Onell have to learn by himself more than next teachers. It takes a lot of times to learn this new habit.Taking a great break seems like a composed idea, but I will not jeopardize my college education. A student will have to coup with many problems after such a break. One should confer his teachers and his parents before making that decision.

Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination Essay

Women and men use stereotypes to create sense of the planet.† (Feenstra, 6. 1 Prejudice, stereotypes, logical and discrimination, para 1). Prejudice is a negative belief or feeling (attitude) about a particular group of individuals. Prejudices can be passed on from one generation to the next.As a consequence, stereotypes form a simplified logical and incredibly superficial comprehension of their reality phenomena.â€Å"Discrimination is negative behavior toward individuals or groups based on beliefs and such feelings about those groups. A group you are a part of is called your ingroup. Ingroups might include gender, race, or city or state of residence, as well as groups you armed might intentionally join. A group you are not a part of is called your outgroup.

There are just twenty two minor kinds of discrimination.The world was a changing place; many times, we saw and heard prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination at its worst. Unfortunately, we are seeing the same types of prejudices, stereotyping, and discrimination going on today; especially since the â€Å"9-11† attacks and with the â€Å"Occupy or 99%† movement going on today. Social identities depend on the groups to which people belong.Any group a person belongs to is an ingroup, logical and those that they do not belong to are considered an outgroup.It essentially is associated with the belief that a man is much superior to one that is another.And outgroup homogeneity bias blinds us to the differences within the outgroup. † (Feenstra, 6. 1 Social Cognitive origins of prejudice and stereotypes, para 2). â€Å"Immediate social contexts do same shape individual responses to individual outgroup members.

Prejudice doesnt rely with people.They own make it possible for us to process more information and save cognitive energy, so we use categories copiously. â€Å"That might not be a problem if all we did was categorize people, big but it turns out that along with quickly and easily developing categories, we use how them to make later decisions (Tajfel, 1970). † (Feenstra, 2011, 6. 2 Categorization, para.It contributes to discrimination.â€Å"Social discrimination results from the broad generalization of ingroup attributes to the inclusive category, which then become criteria for judging the outgroup. Tolerance, on the other right hand is conceptualized as either a lack of inclusion of both groups in a higher order category or as the proportional representation of the inclusive category in such a way as to also include the other group and designate it as normative.† (Mummendey & Wenzel, 1999, P. 158).

It could be spread by the use of propaganda.d. , P. 10). Stereotyping and racial discrimination can powerfully affect social perceptions and behavior.Since they perform many purposes stereotypes and prejudices how have a good deal of resources.d. , P. 19).Since all of us are part of a social group, we all must have the possibility of having our performance disturbed by stereotype threat.

Competition for funds may additionally fresh produce bias.d. , P. 11). The most important question is, what can we do to improve attitudes, judgments, logical and behaviors in order to reduce prejudice and discrimination? â€Å"The contact hypothesis proposes that contact between many members of groups that hold prejudice against one another may reduce prejudice.Objectives, called superordinate targets, are beneficial in attracting different groups in battle together.Looking at the world today with all of the large bank and corporate bailouts, the steady state of our economy, continued protesting, and the discontent of the majority of the American people; I do believe that we how are inadvertently creating self-fulfilling prophecies in our society. In Self-Fulfilling Prophecies, Michael Biggs states, â€Å"A theory of american society could, in principle, prove self-fulfilling.Marxism predicts that capitalism is fated to end in revolution; if many people believe in the theory , then they could forment revolution (Biggs, 2009). † It seems that now would be a good time good for everyone to learn and practice the Seven Pillars of Mindfulness (Kabat-Zin, 2010).

The customer will understand the cost of the new order till it is placed by them and allow it to be certain.6 Conclusion). References Biggs. M. (2009).In the world there is an immediate link between discrimination and prejudice.uk/~sfos0060/prophecies. pdf Feenstra, J. (2011). Introduction to social psychology.

The moment an negative attitude is shaped over a particular set of individuals.Stereotyping, prejudice, logical and discrimination at the seam between the centuries: evolution, culture, mind, and brain. European new Journal of Social Psychology (30), 299-322. Retrieved from http://www2. psych.Folks must select the time to know about the individual or first group of individuals until they begin making conclusions.Mindful Attitudes. Retrieved from http://mindfulworkshops. com/? tag=non-judging. Mummendey A.

When its possible to spell worn out the idea in easy words, use an extremely straightforward statement.3, No. 2, 158-174. Retrieved from http://dtserv2. compsy.Three other theorists ideas play a important part in the movie.(n. d. ). The psychology of prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination: An overview.

In non violence issues resulting In this, and at times crime, aroused.Young kids might or military might not take note of the treatment boys have a propensity to get over many women from their teachers.What might be a history of the individual to an summary of the, likewise.Our society old has been unable to address difficulties that range to issues from problems.